Jump to content

Huntsville, Alabama

Coordinates: 34°41′36″N 86°33′39″W / 34.69333°N 86.56083°W / 34.69333; -86.56083
From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Huntsville
Official seal of Huntsville
Official logo of Huntsville
Nickname: 
Rocket City[2]
Motto: 
"Star of Alabama"[3]
Map
Interactive map of Huntsville
Huntsville is located in Alabama
Huntsville
Huntsville
Location within Alabama
Huntsville is located in the United States
Huntsville
Huntsville
Location within the United States
Coordinates: 34°41′36″N 86°33′39″W / 34.69333°N 86.56083°W / 34.69333; -86.56083
CountryUnited States
StateAlabama
CountiesMadison, Limestone, Morgan[1]
Established (as Twickenham)December 23, 1809[4]
Incorporated (town)December 9, 1811[5][6]
Incorporated (city)February 24, 1860[7]
Founded byLeRoy Pope
Named forJohn Hunt
Government
 • TypeMayor–Council
 • MayorTommy Battle (R)
 • CouncilmembersDistrict 1 – Devyn S. Keith
District 2 – David Little
District 3 – Jennie Robinson
District 4 – Bill Kling
District 5 – John Meredith
Area
 • City
225.17 sq mi (583.19 km2)
 • Land223.63 sq mi (579.21 km2)
 • Water1.54 sq mi (3.98 km2)
Elevation577 ft (176 m)
Population
 • City
215,006
 • Estimate 
(2024)[11]
241,114 Increase
 • RankUS: 95th
AL: 1st
 • Density1,006/sq mi (388.3/km2)
 • Urban
329,066 (US: 122nd) 20,165 (Southeast)
 • Urban density1,532.2/sq mi (591.6/km2)
 • Metro
514,465 (US: 109th)
 • Metro density378/sq mi (145.9/km2)
 • Combined
879,315 (US: 68th)
 • Combined density255.3/sq mi (98.57/km2)
DemonymHuntsvillian
Time zoneUTC−6 (Central (CST))
 • Summer (DST)UTC−5 (CDT)
ZIP Codes
35801–35816, 35824, 35893–35899
Area code(s)256 and 938
FIPS code01-37000
GNIS feature ID2404746[9]
Websitehuntsvilleal.gov

Huntsville is the most populous city in the U.S. state of Alabama and 95th most populous in the US.[12] It is the county seat of Madison County with portions extending into Limestone County and Morgan County.[13] It is located in the Appalachian region of northern Alabama[14][15] south of the state of Tennessee.

Huntsville was founded within the Mississippi Territory in 1805 and became an incorporated town in 1811. When Alabama was admitted as a state in 1819, Huntsville was designated for a year as the first capital, before the state capitol was moved to more central settlements. The city developed across nearby hills north of the Tennessee River, adding textile mills in the late nineteenth century.

Major growth in Huntsville took place in the decades following World War II. During the war, the U.S Army established Redstone Arsenal in the vicinity, with a chemical weapons plant and related facilities. After the war, additional research was conducted at Redstone Arsenal on rockets, followed by adaptations for space exploration. NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center, the United States Army Aviation and Missile Command, and most recently the FBI's operational support headquarters, all were sited at Redstone Arsenal.[16]

The National Trust for Historic Preservation included Huntsville in its "America's Dozen Distinctive Destinations for 2010" list.[17] The population was 215,006 at the 2020 census,[10][18] and was estimated to be 221,933 in 2022.[19] The Huntsville metropolitan area's population was 514,465 in 2022, making it the second most populous metropolitan area in the state after the Birmingham metropolitan area. The Huntsville metro area, which includes Madison city and the separate Southeast Huntsville urban areas had a combined population of 349,231 people in 2020, which makes it the second largest in Alabama after Birmingham/Hoover.

History

[edit]

The City of Huntsville was incorporated on November 25, 1811[20]

Early history

[edit]

Due to settlement pressures after the United States gained independence, this area had become largely empty of indigenous peoples by the turn of the 19th century. An Indian trader and boatman named Ditto established himself at a landing on the river prior to American settlement.[21] Revolutionary War veteran John Hunt was a pioneer in 1805 on land around the Big Spring. The US negotiated an 1805 treaty with the Chickasaw and an 1806 treaty with the Cherokee who ceded their claims to land to the federal government.[22]

The Big Spring, the center of the street plan in Twickenham (renamed "Huntsville" in 1812)

The area was subsequently purchased by LeRoy Pope, who named it Twickenham after the home village of his distant kinsman Alexander Pope.[23] Thomas Freeman and Pharoah Roach started government surveys in 1805.[24] Twickenham was carefully planned, with streets laid out in a northeast to southwest direction based on the flow of Big Spring. Given anti-British sentiment during this period after the Revolution and with tensions leading to the War of 1812, in 1811 the town name was changed to "Huntsville" to honor pioneer John Hunt.[25]

Both John Hunt and LeRoy Pope were Freemasons and charter members of Helion Lodge #1, the oldest lodge in Alabama.[26]

In 1811, Huntsville became the first incorporated town in what is now Alabama. However, the recognized "founding" year of the city is 1805, the year of John Hunt's arrival.[27] David Wade settled in Huntsville in 1817. He built the David Wade House on the north side of what is now Bob Wade Lane (Robert B. Wade was David's grandson), just east of Mt. Lebanon Road.[28]

Emerging industries

[edit]

Huntsville's initial growth was based on wealth generated by the sale of cotton from plantations, for which there was international demand, and trade associated with railroad industries. Many wealthy planters moved into the area from Virginia, Georgia, and the Carolinas to develop new cotton plantations.[29] The invention of the cotton gin in the late eighteenth century meant that uplands areas could be profitably cultivated with short-staple cotton, which could be grown in a much larger area than the long-staple cotton of the Sea Islands and Low Country. The increased use of cotton meant an increased use of slave labor throughout the South as well.[30]

Like the rest of Alabama, Huntsville was involved in the slave trade.[31] Slaves worked in factories and on cotton plantations.[32] Many cotton mills in the area relied on slave labor, most notably the Bell Factory, where slaves ran textile machinery. The factory was known throughout Alabama for its high levels of production.[33][29] Cotton mills grew Huntsville and the South's economies greatly, becoming 60% of all U.S. exports and connecting Huntsville to major cotton markets in Nashville, Memphis, and New Orleans.[29][30] An 1822 census showed that out of the 1,300 inhabitants of Huntsville, 448 were slaves, making up 36% of the city's population.[31]

In 1819, Huntsville hosted a constitutional convention in Walker Allen's large cabinet-making shop. The 44 delegates wrote a constitution for the new state of Alabama. In accordance with the new state constitution, Huntsville became Alabama's first capital when the state was admitted to the Union. This was a temporary designation for one legislative session only. The capital was moved to more central cities in the state; to Cahaba, then to Tuscaloosa, and finally to Montgomery.[34]

In 1855, the Memphis and Charleston Railroad was constructed through Huntsville, becoming the first railway to link the Atlantic seacoast with the lower Mississippi River.[35]

Civil War

[edit]
A Union officer of General Mitchell's army sketched Huntsville during the 1862 occupation

Huntsville initially opposed secession from the Union in 1861, but provided many men for the Confederacy's efforts.[36] The 4th Alabama Infantry Regiment, led by Col. Egbert J. Jones of Huntsville, distinguished itself at the Battle of Manassas/Bull Run, the first major encounter of the American Civil War. The regiment, which contained two Huntsville companies, were the first Alabama troops to fight in the war. They were also present when General Robert E. Lee surrendered to Grant at Appomattox Court House in April 1865. Nine generals of the war were born in or near Huntsville; five fought for the Confederacy and four for the Union.[37] Other Huntsville residents joined the Union Army and helped establish the Union Army's 1st Alabama Cavalry Regiment.[38]

On the morning of April 11, 1862, Union troops led by General Ormsby M. Mitchel seized Huntsville in order to sever the Confederacy's rail communications and gain access to the Memphis & Charleston Railroad. Huntsville was the headquarters for the Eastern Division of the Memphis & Charleston.[39]

During the first occupation, Union officers took over many of the larger homes in the city while the enlisted soldiers camped in tents mainly on the outskirts. Union troops searched for Confederate troops hiding in the town and weapons. There was not much resistance, and they treated Huntsville residents in a relatively civil manner. However, residents of nearby towns reported harsher treatment.[40] Union troops were forced to retreat a few months later. In the fall of 1863, they returned to Huntsville, using it as a base of operations for the war in the South until the last months of 1864. According to the journal of a nearby resident, Union troops burned many homes and villages in the surrounding countryside in retaliation for the active guerrilla warfare in the area. Many houses and buildings were burned,[41] although most of Huntsville was kept intact as it housed both Union officers and troops.[40]

After the Civil War

[edit]
Child workers at Merrimac Mills in Huntsville, November 1910, photograph by Lewis Hine

During the Reconstruction era, three delegates from Huntsville attended the 1867 Constitutional Convention including Andrew J. Applegate, originally from Ohio, who went on to serve as Alabama's first Lieutenant Governor.[42] Councill Training School, which eventually became William Hooper Councill High School, was established as the first public school for African American students. It was named for educator and school founder William Hooper Councill.[43]

Huntsville became a center for cotton textile mills, such as Lincoln, Dallas, and Merrimack. Each mill company constructed worker housing outside the city, creating communities that eventually included schools, churches, grocery stores, theaters, and hardware stores, all within walking distance of the mill. In many such company towns, workers were required to buy goods at the company stores, which sometimes overcharged them. The mill owners also established rules for behavior and could throw out workers from housing if they violated these policies. As was common for the time, work was highly segregated with only whites being allowed to work inside the mills and Blacks relegated to working outside as laborers and groundskeepers.[44]

During the 1930s, industry declined in Huntsville due to the Great Depression. Huntsville became known as the Watercress Capital of the World because of its abundant harvest in the area. Madison County led Alabama in cotton production during this time.[45]

Military and NASA involvement

[edit]

By 1940, Huntsville was still relatively small, with a population of about 13,000 inhabitants. This quickly changed in early 1941 when the U.S. Army selected 35,000 acres (140 km2) of land adjoining the southwest area of the city for building three chemical munitions facilities: the Huntsville Arsenal, the Redstone Ordnance Plant (soon redesignated Redstone Arsenal), and the Gulf Chemical Warfare Depot. These operated throughout World War II, with combined personnel approaching 20,000. Resources in the area were strained as new workers flocked to the area, and the construction of housing could not keep up.[46]

At the end of the war in 1945, the munitions facilities were no longer needed. They were combined with the designation Redstone Arsenal (RSA), and a considerable political and business effort was made in attempts to attract new tenants. One significant start involved manufacturing the Keller automobile, but this closed after 18 vehicles were built. With the encouragement of US Senator John Sparkman (D-AL), the U.S. Army Air Force considered this for a major testing facility, but selected another site. Redstone Arsenal was prepared for disposal, but Sparkman used his considerable Southern Democratic influence (the Solid South controlled numerous powerful chairmanships of congressional committees) to persuade the Army to choose it as a site for rocket and missile development.[46]

As the Korean War started, the Ordnance Guided Missile Center (OGMC) was given the mission to develop what eventually became the Redstone Rocket. This rocket set the stage for the United States' space program, as well as major Army missile programs, to be centered in Huntsville. Brigadier General Holger Toftoy commanded OGMC and the overall Redstone Arsenal. In early 1956, the Army Ballistic Missile Agency (ABMA) under Major General John Medaris was formed.[46]

In 1950, about 1,000 personnel were transferred from Fort Bliss, Texas, to Redstone Arsenal to form the Ordnance Guided Missile Center (OGMC). Central to this was a group of about 200 German scientists and engineers, led by Wernher von Braun; they had been brought from Nazi Germany to the United States by Colonel Holger Toftoy under Operation Paperclip following World War II. Assigned to the center at Huntsville, they settled and raised families.[47]

Historic rockets in Rocket Park of the U.S. Space & Rocket Center, Huntsville, Alabama

The city is nicknamed "The Rocket City" for its close association with U.S. space missions.[48] On January 31, 1958, ABMA placed America's first satellite, Explorer 1, into orbit using a Jupiter-C launch vehicle, a descendant of the Redstone. This brought national attention to Redstone Arsenal and Huntsville, with widespread recognition of this being a major center for high technology.[49]

On July 1, 1960, 4,670 civilian employees, associated buildings and equipment, and 1,840 acres (7.4 km2) of land were transferred from ABMA to form NASA's George C. Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC). Wernher von Braun was MSFC's initial director. On September 8, President Dwight D. Eisenhower formally dedicated the MSFC.[50]

During the 1960s, the major mission of MSFC was in developing the Saturn boosters used by NASA in the Apollo Lunar Landing Program. For this, MSFC greatly increased its employees, and many new companies joined the Huntsville industrial community. The Cummings Research Park was developed just north of Redstone Arsenal to partially accommodate this industrial growth, and has now become the second-largest research park of this type in America.[50]

Huntsville was selected as the permanent home of the United States Space Operations Command in 2020, but in 2023 the Pentagon announced that the temporary headquarters would be expanded and remain in Colorado.[51]

Civil Rights Movement to modern day

[edit]

Huntsville was a key location in the Civil Rights Movement. In 1962, students from Alabama A&M University held the city's first lunch counter sit-in.[52] After the mayor refused to address the protests, the Community Service Committee (CSC) was formed to help organize sit-ins and protests, as well as bail out arrested protestors.[53][54] In April 1962, a committee was formed by the city to "address the concerns of the African American community,"[55] and eight lunch counters, as well as a number of other public spaces, were desegregated.[55][54] On May 11, 1962, Huntsville became the first city in Alabama to be racially integrated.[54]

In June 1963, the admission of two Black students to the University of Alabama in Huntsville was challenged by Governor George Wallace. Wallace pushed back the registration dates for multiple state universities (presumably to allow more time for state troopers to move into the area) but instead moved them to Tuscaloosa. The students were admitted without issues. Around the same time, the color barrier was broken further when the first white person enrolled at Alabama A&M University.[56] In August 1963, a court ruling determined that Huntsville must desegregate their schools. Wallace used state troopers to stop four students from entering the first desegregated school. On September 6, the troopers announced that the desegregated schools were closed for three more days, but the Board of Education issued a statement denying the closure.[57] When the schools opened on September 9, Wallace was served a restraining order against further interference with the desegregation of Huntsville schools.[58] Huntsville became the first city in Alabama to desegregate its schools as well.[59]

Alabama's opposition to desegregation at this time caused concern from the NASA Administrator James E. Webb, who investigated equal employment opportunities for Black people in Huntsville. After failing to attract high-level staff to Huntsville, Webb said that "some research work would have to be switched from Huntsville to New Orleans". This investigation into employment caused MSFC to open their engineering education programs to Black students at Alabama A&M and Oakwood College, as well as for local contractors to "work for progress in race relations".[60][61]

The emergence of the Space Shuttle, the International Space Station, and a wide variety of advanced research in space sciences led to a resurgence in NASA-related activities that has continued into the 21st century.[62] In addition, new Army organizations have emerged at Redstone Arsenal, particularly in the ever-expanding field of missile defense.[63]

Geography

[edit]

This city is located at 32°31′03″N 87°50′11″W / 32.51750°N 87.83639°W / 32.51750; -87.83639 (34.6934098, -86.5607619).

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 225.17 square miles (583.2 km2), of which 223.63 square miles (579.2 km2) is land and 1.54 square miles (4.0 km2), is water as of 2023.[8]

According to the City of Huntsville Statistics, the city has a total area of 226.62 square miles (586.9 km2), of which 225.09 square miles (583.0 km2) is land and 1.54 square miles (4.0 km2), is water as of 2024.[64]

Huntsville has grown through recent annexations west into Limestone County by 21.5 square miles (56 km2) (13,885 acres, 5,619 ha) in the early 2000s,[65] and south into Morgan County with 1.03 square miles (2.67 km2) (659.1 acres, 266.73 ha) in 2018.[15] Huntsville borders Marshall County across the Tennessee River near Hobbs Island.

Huntsville has the 29th largest land area in the United States, for cities with a population over 100,000.

Huntsville has borders surrounding both the cities of Madison and Triana. Huntsville also borders the cities of Decatur, Athens, Owens Cross Roads, the town of Mooresville as well as the census-designated places of Moores Mill, Meridianville, Laceys Spring, and Redstone Arsenal.

Situated in the Tennessee River valley, Huntsville is partially surrounded by several plateaus and large hills. These plateaus are associated with the Cumberland Plateau, and are locally called "mountains". Monte Sano Mountain (Spanish for "Mountain of Health") is the most notable and is east of the city, along with Round Top (Burritt), Chapman, Huntsville, and Green mountains.[66] Others are Wade Mountain to the north, Rainbow Mountain to the west, and Weeden and Madkin mountains on the Redstone Arsenal property in the south. Brindley Mountain is visible in the south across the Tennessee River.[67]

As with other areas along the Cumberland Plateau, the land around Huntsville is karst in nature. The city was founded around the Big Spring, which is a typical karst spring. Many caves perforate the limestone bedrock underneath the surface, as is common in karst areas. The National Speleological Society is headquartered in Huntsville.[68]

Climate

[edit]

Huntsville has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen climate classification Cfa). It experiences hot, humid summers and generally mild winters, with average high temperatures ranging from near 90 °F (32.2 °C) in the summer to 49 °F (9.4 °C) during winter.[69][70]

Huntsville is near the center of a large area of the U.S. mid-South that has maximum precipitation in the winter and spring, not summer. The average yearly precipitation is more than 54 inches. On average, the wettest single month is December, but Huntsville has a prolonged wetter season from November to May with, on average, nearly or over 5 or more inches of precipitation most of those months. On average, August to October represent slightly drier months (see climate chart, showing less than 3.6 inches of precipitation these months). Droughts can occur, primarily August through October, but usually there is enough rainfall to keep soils moist and vegetation lush. Much of Huntsville's precipitation is delivered by thunderstorms.[69] Thunderstorms are most frequent during the spring, and the most severe storms occur during the spring and late fall.[71] These storms can deliver large hail, damaging straight-line winds, and tornadoes. Huntsville lies in a region colloquially known as Dixie Alley, an area more prone to violent, long-track tornadoes than most other parts of the US.[72][73]

On April 27, 2011, the largest tornado outbreak on record, the 2011 Super Outbreak, affected northern Alabama. During this event, an EF5 tornado that tracked near the Browns Ferry Nuclear Power Plant destroyed many transmission towers and caused a multi-day power outage for the majority of North Alabama. That same tornado also resulted in considerable damage to the Anderson Hills subdivision and in Harvest, Alabama. In total, nine people were killed in Madison County, and many others were injured.[74] Other significant tornado events include the Super Outbreak in April 1974, the November 1989 tornado that killed 21 and injured over 460, and the 1995 Anderson Hills tornado that killed one person and caused extensive damage.[75][76] On January 21, 2010, an EF2 tornado struck Huntsville, resulting in moderate damage. Because it was not rain-wrapped and was easily photographed, it received extensive media coverage.[77]

While most winters have some measurable snow, heavy snow is rare in Huntsville.[78] However, there have been some unusually heavy snowstorms, like the New Year's Eve 1963 snowstorm, when 17 in (43 cm) fell within 24 hours. Likewise, the Blizzard of 1993 and the Groundhog Day snowstorm in February 1996 were substantial winter events for Huntsville. On Christmas Day 2010, Huntsville recorded over 4 inches (10 cm) of snow, and on January 9–10, 2011 it received 8.9 inches (23 cm) at the airport and up to 10 inches (25 cm) in the suburbs.[79]

Climate data for Huntsville, Alabama (Huntsville International Airport), 1991–2020 normals,[a] extremes 1907–present
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 82
(28)
83
(28)
90
(32)
95
(35)
99
(37)
108
(42)
111
(44)
108
(42)
108
(42)
100
(38)
88
(31)
81
(27)
111
(44)
Mean maximum °F (°C) 69.3
(20.7)
73.6
(23.1)
80.7
(27.1)
86.0
(30.0)
91.2
(32.9)
95.6
(35.3)
97.2
(36.2)
97.3
(36.3)
94.1
(34.5)
87.1
(30.6)
78.6
(25.9)
70.9
(21.6)
99.2
(37.3)
Mean daily maximum °F (°C) 52.3
(11.3)
57.1
(13.9)
65.5
(18.6)
74.8
(23.8)
82.5
(28.1)
89.1
(31.7)
91.5
(33.1)
91.3
(32.9)
86.5
(30.3)
76.0
(24.4)
63.9
(17.7)
55.0
(12.8)
73.8
(23.2)
Daily mean °F (°C) 42.7
(5.9)
46.7
(8.2)
54.2
(12.3)
62.9
(17.2)
71.3
(21.8)
78.6
(25.9)
81.3
(27.4)
80.5
(26.9)
74.9
(23.8)
63.9
(17.7)
52.5
(11.4)
45.5
(7.5)
62.9
(17.2)
Mean daily minimum °F (°C) 33.1
(0.6)
36.4
(2.4)
43.0
(6.1)
51.0
(10.6)
60.2
(15.7)
68.0
(20.0)
71.1
(21.7)
69.7
(20.9)
63.4
(17.4)
51.8
(11.0)
41.2
(5.1)
35.9
(2.2)
52.1
(11.2)
Mean minimum °F (°C) 13.9
(−10.1)
18.8
(−7.3)
24.7
(−4.1)
34.2
(1.2)
45.0
(7.2)
56.7
(13.7)
62.8
(17.1)
60.2
(15.7)
48.0
(8.9)
34.3
(1.3)
24.5
(−4.2)
20.0
(−6.7)
11.7
(−11.3)
Record low °F (°C) −11
(−24)
−8
(−22)
6
(−14)
24
(−4)
32
(0)
42
(6)
49
(9)
50
(10)
37
(3)
23
(−5)
1
(−17)
−3
(−19)
−11
(−24)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 4.99
(127)
5.11
(130)
5.39
(137)
4.86
(123)
4.67
(119)
4.06
(103)
4.49
(114)
3.55
(90)
3.49
(89)
3.56
(90)
4.25
(108)
5.87
(149)
54.29
(1,379)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 0.7
(1.8)
1.0
(2.5)
0.5
(1.3)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.0
(0.0)
0.2
(0.51)
2.4
(6.1)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 10.6 11.3 11.2 10.1 10.0 10.1 10.8 9.2 6.8 7.7 8.8 11.0 117.6
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 0.8 0.6 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3 2.0
Average relative humidity (%) 72.0 68.5 65.3 63.1 69.0 70.5 74.0 73.9 73.9 70.1 70.9 72.2 70.3
Source 1: NOAA[80][81][82]
Source 2: World Meteorological Organization (relative humidity 1961–1990)[83]

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
CensusPop.Note
18402,496
18502,86314.7%
18603,63426.9%
18704,90735.0%
18804,9771.4%
18907,99560.6%
19008,0680.9%
19107,611−5.7%
19208,0185.3%
193011,55444.1%
194013,05012.9%
195016,43726.0%
196072,365340.3%
1970139,28292.5%
1980142,5132.3%
1990159,78912.1%
2000158,216−1.0%
2010180,10513.8%
2020215,00619.4%
2023 (est.)225,564[19]4.9%
U.S. Decennial Census[84]
2020 Census[10]

2020 census

[edit]
Huntsville, Alabama – Racial and ethnic composition
Note: the US Census treats Hispanic/Latino as an ethnic category. This table excludes Latinos from the racial categories and assigns them to a separate category. Hispanics/Latinos may be of any race.
Race / Ethnicity (NH = Non-Hispanic) Pop 2000[85] Pop 2010[86] Pop 2020[87] % 2000 % 2010 % 2020
White alone (NH) 100,333 104,516 118,616 63.42% 58.03% 55.17%
Black or African American alone (NH) 47,453 55,615 62,360 29.99% 30.88% 29.00%
Native American or Alaska Native alone (NH) 830 940 854 0.52% 0.52% 0.40%
Asian alone (NH) 3,499 4,287 5,399 2.21% 2.38% 2.51%
Pacific Islander alone (NH) 79 194 265 0.05% 0.11% 0.12%
Some Other Race alone (NH) 173 260 878 0.11% 0.14% 0.41%
Mixed Race/Multi-Racial (NH) 2,624 3,781 9,965 1.66% 2.10% 4.63%
Hispanic or Latino (any race) 3,225 10,512 16,669 2.04% 5.84% 7.75%
Total 158,216 180,105 215,006 100.00% 100.00% 100.00%

As of the 2020 census, there were 215,006 people, 92,074 households, and 52,924 families residing in the city.[88] The population density was 985.7 inhabitants per square mile (380.6/km2) There were 100,391 housing units. The racial makeup of the city was 55.17% White, 29.0% Black or African American, 0.40% Native American, 2.51% Asian, 0.12% Pacific Islander, and 4.63% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino people of any race were 7.75% of the population.

Economy

[edit]

Huntsville's main economic influence is derived from aerospace and military technology.[89] Redstone Arsenal, Cummings Research Park (CRP), Jetplex Industrial Park, and NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center comprise the main hubs for the area's technology-driven economy. CRP is the second largest research park in the United States and the fourth largest in the world. The University of Alabama in Huntsville is a center for technology and engineering research in the area. There are commercial technology companies such as the network access company ADTRAN, computer graphics company Intergraph and designer and manufacturer of IT infrastructure Avocent. Cinram manufactures and distributes 20th Century Fox DVDs and Blu-ray discs out of their Huntsville plant. Sanmina-SCI has a presence in the area. A number of Fortune 500 companies have operations in Huntsville.[90]

There are several strip malls and shopping malls throughout the city. Huntsville has one enclosed mall, Parkway Place, built in 2002 on the site of the former Parkway City Mall.[91] A larger mall built in 1984, Madison Square Mall, was closed in 2017 and the site is being redeveloped into the Mid City lifestyle center.[92][93] An additional lifestyle center, Bridge Street Town Centre, was completed in 2007, in Cummings Research Park.[94]

Huntsville is a key city in rocket-propulsion research for NASA and various organizations run by the Army.[95] The Marshall Space Flight Center has been designated to develop NASA's Space Launch System (SLS),[95] and the U.S. Army Aviation and Missile Command (AMCOM) is responsible for developing a variety of rocket-based tactical weapons.[96]

Toyota Motor Manufacturing Alabama was constructed in 2003 and is located in North Huntsville Industrial Park. The plant has 1,800 employees as of 2022. The plant manufactures engines for Toyota vehicles.[97] Navistar Huntsville Powertrain Manufacturing Plant was opened in 2008 and provides powertrain components to Navistar's vehicle assembly plants in Springfield, Ohio and Escobedo, Mexico. The plant is located north of Huntsville International Airport.[98] The Mazda Toyota Manufacturing USA was constructed in 2021 with a plan to hire 4,000 employees.[99] The facility produces Toyota and Mazda SUVs and pickup trucks. The majority of the plant is located in Huntsville; however, the southern third is located in the unincorporated community of Greenbrier.[100]

More than 25 biotechnology firms have developed in Huntsville due to the Huntsville Biotech Initiative.[101] The HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology is part of the 4,000 acres (1,600 ha) Cummings Research Park. The non-profit HudsonAlpha Institute has contributed genomics and genetics work to the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE).[102] For-profit business ventures within the Biotech Campus focus on subjects such as diagnosing disease, immune responses to cancer, protein crystallization, lab-on-a-chip technologies, and agricultural technologies.[103] The University of Alabama in Huntsville (UAH) created a doctoral program in biotechnology to help develop scientists to support HudsonAlpha in addition to the emerging biotechnology economy in Huntsville.[104]

In 2018, Meta broke ground on a $1.5 billion data center in North Huntsville Industrial Park, and was opened in 2021. In June 2022, they announced they would be expanding the facility to seven buildings across a 3.5 million square foot area, but paused construction in December. The company advertised that the facility runs on 100% renewable energy and provides 300+ jobs to the community.[105][106][107]

Arts and culture

[edit]
Space Shuttle Pathfinder at the United States Space & Rocket Center
EarlyWorks Children's Museum

Historic districts and museums

[edit]

Twickenham Historic District was chosen as the name of the first of three of the city's historic districts. It features homes in the Federal and Greek Revival architectural styles introduced to the city by Virginia-born architect George Steele about 1818.[108] The 1819 Weeden House Museum was home to female artist and poet Howard Weeden, whose watercolors include portraits of African Americans.[109] Old Town Historic District contains a variety of styles, with homes dating from the late 1820s through the early 1900s.[110] Lowe Mill Village and Lincoln Mill and Mill Village Historic District were established during the textile boom of the 1890s and were recognized for their historical importance in 2011, along with Dallas Mill Village.[111]

EarlyWorks Family of Museums runs multiple museums in Huntsville. EarlyWorks Children's Museum is an interactive history museum.[112][113] Alabama Constitution Village features eight reconstructed Federal style buildings, with living-museum displays downtown.[114] The Huntsville Depot, completed in 1860, is the oldest extant railroad depot in Alabama and one of the oldest extant depots in the United States.[115][113]

Burritt on the Mountain, located on Monte Sano Mountain, is a regional history museum and event venue featuring a 1950s mansion, interpretive historic park, nature trails, and scenic overlooks.[116][113] Harrison Brothers Hardware Store, established in 1879, is the oldest operating hardware store in Alabama. Now owned by the Historic Huntsville Foundation, it is still a working store and museum.[117][118] Huntsville Museum of Art in Big Spring International Park offers permanent displays, traveling exhibitions, and educational programs.[119][113] North Alabama Railroad Museum features locomotives, coach cars, and other train cars.[120]

The United States Space & Rocket Center features the United States Space Camp, Aviation Challenge, and the only Saturn V rocket designated a National Historic Landmark.[121][122][113] The U.S. Veterans Memorial Museum displays more than 30 military vehicles from World War I to the present, including the world's oldest jeep, artifacts, and small arms dating back to the Revolutionary War.[123][124]

Libraries

[edit]

Branches of the Huntsville-Madison County Public Library include: South Huntsville Public Library, North Huntsville Public Library, Downtown Huntsville Public Library, Cavalry Hill Public Library, Gurley Public Library, Madison Public Library, Monrovia Public Library, New Hope Public Library, Tillman D. Hill Public Library of Hazel Green, and Triana Public Library.[125] The Huntsville-Madison County Public Library has Alabama's highest materials circulation rate,[126][127] and features a historical resource archive.[128]

Visual arts and festivals

[edit]

Arts Huntsville (TAC) includes over 100 local arts organizations and advocates,[129] and promotes visual arts with two galleries: art@TAC, and JavaGalleria. TAC supports Create Huntsville, a county initiative to expand arts and cultural opportunities.[130]

The Huntsville Museum of Art opened in 1970.[131] It purchased the largest privately owned, permanent collection of art by American women in the U.S., featuring Anna Elizabeth Klumpke, among others.[132] The Huntsville Photographic Society started in 1956, dedicated to furthering the art and science of photography in North Alabama.[133] The Huntsville Art League started in 1957, adopting the name "The Huntsville Art League and Museum Association" (HALMA).[134] In addition to their Visiting Artists and "Limelight Artists" series, which highlight both nonresident and member artists at the home office, HALMA features its members' works at galleries located in the Jane Grote Roberts Auditorium of the Huntsville-Madison County Public Library Main Branch, the Heritage Club, and the halls of the Huntsville Times.[135]

Panoply Arts Festival occurs every spring, and includes demonstrations, performances, competitions, workshops, and fireworks.[136][137][138] The Cigar Box Guitar Festival occurs each June, and is the world's longest running Cigar Box Guitar festival, featuring live music using home made instruments.[139][140] The Galaxy of Lights is a holiday-themed light showcase hosted by the Huntsville Botanical Garden each winter. The Botanical Garden hosts a fun-run through the event.[141][142][143]

Performing arts

[edit]

The Huntsville Community Chorus Association (HCCA) is one of Alabama's oldest performing arts organizations, with its first performance dating to December 1946. HCCA produces chorale concerts and musical theater productions.[144][145][146] The Huntsville Symphony Orchestra (HSO) is Alabama's oldest continuously operating professional symphony orchestra, featuring performances of classical, pops and family concerts, and music education programs in public schools.[147][148][149] The Huntsville Youth Orchestra was founded by Russell Gerhart, founding conductor of the Huntsville Symphony Orchestra, in 1961.[150][151] Huntsville Chamber Music Guild was organized in 1952 to promote and present chamber music programs; the group seeks to present recitals in which artists are presented in works of the classical masters.[152][153]

Broadway Theatre League was founded in 1959. BTL presents a season of national touring Broadway productions each year, a family-fun show, and additional season specials. Shows are presented in the Von Braun Center's Mark C. Smith Concert Hall.[154][155]

Fantasy Playhouse Children's Theatre, Huntsville's oldest children's theater, was founded in 1961. Fantasy Playhouse Theater Academy, the organization's dance, music, and art school, teaches children and adults each year.[156][157] Fantasy Playhouse regularly produces three plays a year with an additional play, A Christmas Carol, produced early each December.[158] Independent Musical Productions (IMP), was founded in 1993 and stages musical productions performed by volunteers from the community. Three musicals are presented throughout the year, as well as several Cabaret performances at smaller local venues to round out each season. IMP is a 501(c)(3) non-profit organization and offers technical and performance workshops for the community.[159][160]

The Von Braun Center, which originally opened in 1975 as the Von Braun Civic Center, includes 10,000-seat capacity arena, a 2,000-seat concert hall, a 500-seat playhouse (330 seats with proscenium staging), and 150,000 square feet (14,000 m2) of convention space. Both the arena and concert hall have undergone major renovations; as a result, they have been rechristened the Propst Arena and the Mark C. Smith Concert Hall, respectively.[161][162]

Breweries

[edit]

A number of local breweries are located in Huntsville. Straight to Ale Brewery opened in 2010 in North Huntsville,[163] later relocated to South Huntsville,[164] and then moved to Campus 805 in West Huntsville.[165][166] Yellowhammer Brewing opened in 2010 in West Huntsville.[167] It later moved to a new facility at Campus 805 in West Huntsville.[168] Salty Nut Brewery opened in 2013 in North Huntsville and moved to West Huntsville on brewery row.[169][170][171] Green Bus Brewing in downtown Huntsville opened in late 2015.[172][173]

Sports

[edit]

Huntsville is home to a number of adult sports teams and leagues. The Huntsville Havoc are a professional ice hockey team with the SPHL that play home games at the Von Braun Center.[174] Huntsville City FC, a reserve team for Nashville SC of Major League Soccer, began playing in 2023 in MLS Next Pro, the third level of soccer in the US.[175] The Huntsville Adult Soccer League, based at Merrimack Sports Complex, is an amateur adult soccer league with seven teams, including four men's divisions, a premier team, a women's team, and a master's team. The Rocket City Roller Derby is part of the Women's Flat Track Derby Association (WFTDA) and plays at the NSS Conference Center.[176] The Alabama–Huntsville Chargers (University of Alabama in Huntsville) Men's and Women's Basketball teams are part of NCAA D-II and play at Spragins Hall.[177][178] The Alabama A&M Bulldogs (Alabama A&M University) Men's Football team is part of NCAA D-I FCS.[179]

Huntsville has numerous sports venues. The Von Braun Center has a maximum seating capacity of 9,000.[180] Toyota Field is a baseball park with a capacity of about 7,500, in nearby Madison that is home to the AA-minor league Rocket City Trash Pandas team.[181][182] A former baseball park, Joe Davis Stadium, was converted into a 6,000-seat soccer-specific stadium in 2023 for Huntsville City FC. The soccer field was named the Wicks Family Field to honor and recognize the Wicks family's contributions.[183] A number of smaller stadiums are used by universities or public schools, including Louis Crews Stadium with a capacity of 21,000,[184] and Milton Frank Stadium with a capacity of 12,000.[185] The Merrimack Soccer Complex has 14 soccer fields used by youth soccer organizations.[186][187] The Huntsville Speedway is a quarter mile oval race track used for race days and other events.[188][189]

Huntsville has had many professional sports teams in its past, most of which were discontinued due to lack of funding or being transferred to a different city. Huntsville's first sports team was the Huntsville Rockets football team, launched in 1962 and folded in 1967 due to lack of funding.[190] The Alabama Hawks were a football team founded in 1963 and were discontinued in 1969 due to lack of funding.[191] The Huntsville Stars were a Minor League Baseball team founded in 1985, originally as the Nashville Sounds in Nashville, Tennessee, but were transferred to Huntsville soon after. In 2014, they were transferred to Biloxi, Mississippi and renamed the Biloxi Shuckers.[192] The Huntsville Blast were a minor league ice hockey team, originally founded in 1981 as the Roanoke Valley Rampage in Vinton, Virginia, and were relocated to Huntsville in 1993. The following season, the team was relocated to Tallahassee, Florida as the Tallahassee Tiger Sharks.[193] The Huntsville Fire were an indoor soccer team founded in 1997 and dissolved in 1998 due to lack of funding.[194] The Huntsville Channel Cats were an ice hockey team founded in 1995 and renamed the Huntsville Havoc in 2004.[193] The Huntsville Flight were a basketball team founded in 2001 and were moved to Albuquerque, New Mexico in 2005. Today, they are the Cleveland Charge.[195] The Tennessee Valley Raptors were an indoor football team established in 2000 and relocated to Rockford, Illinois in 2005.[196] The Alabama Hammers, which played at the Von Braun Center, were an indoor football team established in 2010 and folded in 2016 due to the collapse of the league.[193]

Parks and recreation

[edit]
Big Spring International Park in 2019

There are more than 60 parks within the city limits of Huntsville.[197] In 2013, for the fifth time in seven years, Huntsville was named a 'Playful City USA' by KaBOOM! for their efforts to provide a variety of play opportunities for children that included after school programs and parks within walking distance of home.[198]

Centered on the natural Big Spring in downtown Huntsville is Big Spring International Park, containing the Huntsville Museum of Art. Fish and ducks live in the spring and in surrounding water bodies. There is a waterfall and a constantly lit gas torch.[199][200] John Hunt Park is the city's largest park, with 428 acres (173 ha) of open space, tennis courts, soccer fields, and walking trails, as well as facilities near the sports fields.[201][202]

Burritt on the Mountain atop Monte Sano Mountain features a mid-century mansion and museum, a historic park depicting rural life in the 19th century, nature trails, and functions as a venue for regional events throughout the year.[203][204][205][206] The Huntsville Botanical Garden's 112 acres (45 ha) site features educational programs, woodland paths, grassy meadows, and vast floral collections.[207][208]

Land Trust of North Alabama is a member supported, non-profit organization dedicated to the conservation of the natural heritage of the area. They work to preserve open space, wildflower areas, wetlands, and working farms in North Alabama, including some of the Monte Sano Nature Preserve (Monte Sano Mountain).[209] Monte Sano State Park has over 2,000 acres (8.1 km2) and features hiking and bicycling trails, rentable cabins, campsites, full RV hookups, and a lodge.[210][211] Other state parks nearby include Cathedral Caverns in Woodville, Lake Guntersville State Park in Guntersville, and Joe Wheeler State Park in Rogersville.[212]

There are six main golf courses in Huntsville. Hampton Cove is one of the eleven courses making up the Robert Trent Jones Golf Trail, featuring two championship 18-hole courses, one par-three course, and a driving range.[213][214] Sunset Landing Golf Course is an 18-hole golf course next to Huntsville International Airport.[215][216] The Links on Redstone Arsenal is available for Military, NASA, and others that have base access. The Links has four separate 9-hole courses (two of which can be used for footgolf) and a driving range.[217][218] The Ledges is an exclusive 18-hole championship golf course, also offering a banquet hall, grand hall, and a number of meeting rooms at their clubhouse.[219][220]

Government

[edit]
Huntsville City Hall

The current mayor of Huntsville is Tommy Battle, who was first elected in 2008 and then re-elected in 2012, 2016, and 2020. The City Administrator is John Hamilton, who replaced Rex Reynolds on January 1, 2014, when Reynolds retired.[221]

The city has a five-member (1 per district) City Council.[222] Council elections are staggered, meaning that Districts 2, 3, and 4 had elections in August 2018, while Districts 1 and 5 had elections simultaneously with mayoral elections in 2020. The city has boards and commissions which control most public services and development projects.[223] In 2020, the city announced that they would build a new $80 million city hall, planned to centralize all boards and committees in one building.[224]

In July 2007, then Senator Barack Obama held the first fundraiser in Alabama for his presidential campaign in Huntsville.[225] In 2022, former Rep. Mo Brooks (R-5th Congressional District, AL) announced his retirement from the U.S. House of Representatives to run for the Senate. In November, Dale Strong won the election to replace Mo Brooks.[226]

Education

[edit]

K–12 education

[edit]

K–12 public education in Huntsville is provided by Huntsville City Schools.[227] In the 2022–2023 school year 23,939 students attended Huntsville City Schools. According to U.S. News & World Report, "49% of high school students tested at or above the proficient level for reading, and 45% tested at or above that level for math". They also stated that high schoolers have a 92% graduation rate.[228]

Of the 46 schools in the Huntsville City Schools system in 2020–2021, there were:[228]

Huntsville City Schools also offers six magnet programs at existing schools: three programs for grades 9–12, two for 6–8, and one for both.[229]

The section in Morgan County is within the Morgan County School District.[230] A few parcels of Huntsville in Madison County are in the Madison County School District,[231] and a few parcels in Limestone County are in the Limestone County School District.[232]

Several private, parochial, and religious schools serve grades pre-K–12. The city has several private Christian schools, including Saint John Paul II Catholic High School,[233] Oakwood Adventist Academy,[234] Whitesburg Christian Academy,[235] Grace Lutheran School,[236] and Westminster Christian Academy.[237] Randolph School is Huntsville's only independent, private K-12 school.[238]

Higher education

[edit]

Huntsville has four main higher education institutions. The University of Alabama in Huntsville is the largest university serving the greater Huntsville area, with 9,636 undergraduate students in 2022–2023.[239] About half of its graduates earn a degree in engineering or science, making it one of the larger producers of engineers and physical scientists in Alabama.[240] The Carnegie Foundation ranks the school very highly as a research institution, placing it among the top 75 public research universities in the nation.[241] Alabama A&M University is the oldest university in the Huntsville area, dating to 1875. With over 5,000 students,[242] it is home to the AAMU Historic District with 28 buildings and four structures listed in the United States National Register of Historic Places. Oakwood University, founded in 1896, is a Seventh-day Adventist university with over 1,300 students and a member institution of the United Negro College Fund.[243] J.F. Drake State Community and Technical College, founded in 1961, is a public technical college with 872 students as of 2022.[244]

Various colleges and universities have satellite locations or extensions in Huntsville. Calhoun Community College's Cummings Research Park location offers in-person technical and medical programs.[245] Columbia College's Redstone Arsenal location and Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University's Redstone Arsenal location offer higher education programs in-person and online to military individuals and their families.[246][247] Faulkner University's Research Park location and Strayer University's Research Park offers in-person and online learning.[248][249] Georgia Institute of Technology's Redstone Arsenal research institute is the "Development and technology home for Army Air Defense Systems, Missile Defense Systems, Rotary Wing Aviation Technology and more..." and offers professional training in those areas.[250]

Several medical centers and universities with medical programs offer education in medicine. University of Alabama at Birmingham's Huntsville Regional Medical Campus offers a number of on-site programs, including the Family Medicine Residency, Internal Medicine Residency, Obstetrics and Women's Health Fellowship. The campus also serves as a physician practice for the public.[251][252] Ross Medical Education Center in Research Park offer 36-week experience programs in medicine, dentistry, and veterinary medicine fields.[253] Huntsville Hospital has an accredited school of radiology.[254]

Media

[edit]

Newspapers and magazines

[edit]

The Huntsville Times has been Huntsville's only daily newspaper since 1996, when the Huntsville News closed. Before then, the News was the morning paper, and the Times was the afternoon paper until 2004. The Times has a weekday circulation of 60,000, which rises to 80,000 on Sundays. Both papers were owned by the Newhouse chain.[255]

In May 2012, Advance Publications, owner of the Times, announced that the Times would become part of a new company called the Alabama Media Group, along with the other three newspapers and two websites owned by Advance. As part of the change, the newspapers moved to a three-day publication schedule, with print editions available only on Wednesday, Friday and Sunday. The Huntsville Times and its sister papers publish news and information seven days a week on AL.com.[256][257][258] As of 2023, print editions have stopped production.

A few alternative newspapers are available in Huntsville. The Redstone Rocket is a newspaper distributed throughout Redstone Arsenal's housing area covering activities on Redstone.[259] Speakin' Out News is a weekly newspaper focused on African Americans.[260] Huntsville Magazine is a quarterly lifestyle magazine, which, "Serves as a guide to the best of the city with insightful reads on culture, people, entertainment, and businesses catalyzing the city's transformation."[261][262]

Radio, television, and film

[edit]

Station KIH20 broadcasts the National Weather Service's forecasts and warnings for the Huntsville area.[263] The Huntsville DMA serves Madison, Limestone, and Morgan counties.[264] Major stations include WHNT 19 (CBS, with The CW via Florence-licensed WHDF on DT2), WHIQ 25 (PBS/Alabama Public Television), WAAY 31 (ABC), WAFF 48 (NBC), and WZDX 54 (FOX, with MyNetworkTV on DT2).[265]

A few feature films have been shot in Huntsville, including SpaceCamp, 20 Years After (2008, originally released as Like Moles, Like Rats)[266] and Constellation (2005).[267] Columbia Pictures filmed Ravagers (1979) in The Land Trust's Historic Three Caves Quarry, at the U.S. Space and Rocket Center, and at an antebellum home.[268] Dark Entities (2022) takes place in Huntsville and was filmed throughout North Alabama.[269]

Huntsville's legacy in the space program continues to draw film producers looking for background material for space-themed films. During the pre-production of Apollo 13 (1995), the cast and crew spent time at Space Camp and Marshall Space Flight Center preparing for their roles.[270]

Infrastructure

[edit]

Transportation

[edit]
The Saturn V replica at the US Space and Rocket Center stands as a prominent landmark near mile 15 on Interstate 565.

Huntsville is served by several major highways including US 72, US 72 Alt., US 231, US 431 and Interstate 565 (with a connection to I-65 in Decatur). Alabama Highway 53 also connects the city with I-65 in Ardmore, Tennessee.[271] Other major roadways include University Drive, Governors Drive, Airport Road, Memorial Parkway and Research Park Boulevard (SR 255).[272]

Public transit in Huntsville is run by the city's Department of Parking and Public Transit.[273] The Huntsville Orbit runs 11 fixed routes throughout the city, mainly around downtown and major shopping areas like Memorial Parkway and University Drive and has recently expanded some of the buses to include bike racks on the front for a trial program.[274] The city runs Access, a demand-response transit system for the handicapped,[275] and CommuteSmart, a county-wide carpooling program.[276]

There are several bicycle routes in the city.[277][278] There are bike paths for exercise available.[279] Huntsville's government is working to improve bicycle network within the city limits.[280] In 2020, Huntsville released a master plan for a 70-mile bicycling and walking trail, named Singing River Trail of North Alabama, to connect downtown Huntsville to the cities of Madison, Decatur, and Athens.[281]

Huntsville has two active commercial rail lines. The mainline is run by Norfolk Southern, which runs from Memphis to Chattanooga, Tennessee. The original depot for this rail line, the Huntsville Depot, still exists as a railroad museum, though it no longer offers passenger service.[282][283]

Another rail line, formerly part of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad (L&N), successor to the Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway (NC&StL), is being operated by the Huntsville and Madison County Railroad Authority (HMCRA). The line connects to the Norfolk Southern line downtown and runs 13 miles (21 km) south, passing near Ditto Landing on the Tennessee River, and terminating at Norton Switch, near Hobbs Island. This service, in continuous operation since 1894, presently hauls freight and provides transloading facilities at its downtown depot location. Until the mid-1950s, the L&N provided freight and passenger service to Guntersville. The rail cars were loaded onto barges at Hobbs Island. The barge tows were taken upstream through the Guntersville Dam & Locks and discharged at Port Guntersville. Remnants of the track supporting piers still remain in the river just upstream from Hobbs Island. The service ran twice daily. L&N abandoned the line in 1984, at which time it was acquired by the newly created HMCRA, a state agency.[284]

A third line, the Mercury and Chase Railroad, runs 10-mile (16 km) weekend tourist rides on part of another former NC&StL and L&N line from the North Alabama Railroad Museum's Chase Depot, located in the community of Chase, Alabama. Their collection includes one of the oldest diesel locomotives in existence (1926). The rail line originally connected Huntsville to NC&StL's Nashville-to-Chattanooga mainline in Decherd, Tennessee. The depot was once the smallest union station in the United States when it served the NC&StL and Memphis and Charleston Railroad, the predecessor to the Norfolk Southern.[120]

Ports

[edit]

The inland Port of Huntsville combines the Huntsville International Airport, International Intermodal Center, and Jetplex Industrial Park for truck, train and air transport. The intermodal terminal transfers truck and train cargo to aircraft. The port has on-site U.S. Customs and USDA inspectors.[285] The port is Foreign Trade Zone No. 83.[286]

Huntsville International Airport is served by several regional and national carriers, including Delta Air Lines, United Airlines, Breeze Airways, Silver Airways and American Airlines.[287] Delivery companies have hubs in Huntsville, making flights to Europe, Asia, and Mexico.[288] The airport was reported to have the highest fares in the United States in 2014.[289]

Huntsville is also served by the Meridianville–located Madison County Executive Airport, sometimes denoted as Huntsville Executive Airport due to its proximity to the city.[290] The airport is a general aviation airport and does not have any regularly-scheduled commercial services.[291]

Utilities

[edit]

Electricity, water, and natural gas are all provided in Huntsville by Huntsville Utilities (HU).[292] HU purchases and resells power from the Tennessee Valley Authority. TVA has two plants that provide electricity to the Huntsville area: Browns Ferry Nuclear Power Plant in Limestone County and Guntersville Dam in Marshall County.[293][294] A third, Bellefonte Nuclear Power Plant in Jackson County, was built in the 1980s but was never activated. TVA attempted to sell the plant in 2016, but withdrew from the deal, stating they could not sell the plant under the Atomic Energy Act of 1954.[295]

Telephone service in Huntsville is provided by AT&T, EarthLink, WOW!, and Comcast. Comcast and WOW! are the two cable providers in the Huntsville city limits. Mediacom operates in rural outlying areas. AT&T announced the start of its DSL U-verse service in the Huntsville-Decatur metro area in November 2010.[296] AT&T and Google offer fiber Internet service across the city.[297][298]

Public safety

[edit]

The Huntsville Fire and Rescue provides fire protection for the city.[299] On a daily basis the department staffs and coordinates twenty-one engine companies, five ladder trucks, four rescue trucks, along with a Special Operations Division that includes Hazardous Materials Units, Technical Rescue Units, and several specialized support units. Huntsville Fire & Rescue also has Fire Investigations, emergency response dispatch, logistics, and training divisions.[300]

Huntsville has two volunteer public safety organizations in their city. The Huntsville-Madison County Rescue Squad is the county-wide volunteer rescue organization with tasks ranging from vehicle extrication to water rescues.[301] The other is the Huntsville Cave Rescue Unit which is the region's only all-volunteer cave rescue organization. It is tasked with cave, cliff and high angle rope rescues. These organizations are located in Huntsville but operate both in the city and outside with HCRU, responding to many cave rescue calls coming from caves well outside the city limits.[302]

The main building of Huntsville Hospital

Huntsville Hospital in the downtown area is the largest hospital and trauma center. In 2021, Huntsville Hospital opened the Orthopedic & Spine Tower, a seven-story building with 24 surgical orthopedic suites,[303] which brings the total bed count to 881 for Huntsville Hospital.[304] Located further south, Crestwood Medical Center is a smaller, 180-bed[305] teaching hospital that is ranked nationally in two specialties.[306] Huntsville Emergency Medical Services, Inc. (HEMSI) provides emergency medical services to Huntsville and surrounding Madison county. HEMSI operates from 12 stations with a fleet of 36 ambulances.[307]

The Huntsville Police Department has three precincts and one downtown headquarters, over 500 sworn officers,[308] 200 civilian personnel, and patrols an area of approximately 220 square miles. The department also boasts its own academy, which has been in operation since 1965.[309]

Huntsville spent $1.2 million in 2015 to buy body cameras to be used by the Huntsville Police Department. Mayor Tommy Battle pushed for the purchase of the body cameras, saying: "We can provide a trust situation with police and our general public."[310] The mayor also said: "Having that body cam there, having the police video there record what actually happens, and when people come in with complaints against Huntsville police officers, they get to see the action that actually happened."[311]

Following the conviction of a former Huntsville police officer for murder, after he was originally cleared of any wrongdoing by the Police department,[312] the City of Huntsville voted to change the way police shootings are reviewed. Beginning in August 2021, all shootings that result in death that occur by Huntsville Police are to be investigated by the Alabama Law Enforcement Agency instead.[313] The first investigation following the policy change started in January 2022 after an off-duty Huntsville police officer allegedly killed his girlfriend.[314][315] The officer had initially reported the death as a suicide; however, it was later investigated as a homicide.[316] An advisory council created by the city[317] described actions by Huntsville Police department (HPD) as being "in a manner that was, at a minimum, unprofessional and on multiple occasions in violation of HPD policy."[318][319]

Notable people

[edit]

Notable people from Huntsville include Wikipedia co-founder Jimmy Wales,[320] professional wrestler Bobby Eaton,[321] film composer and musician Mervyn Warren,[322] early-20th century actress Tallulah Bankhead,[323] and horror actor David Howard Thornton (Terrifier film series).[324]

Sister cities

[edit]

Huntsville has 2 sister cities:

Notes and references

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Mean monthly maxima and minima (i.e. the expected highest and lowest temperature readings at any point during the year or given month) calculated based on data at said location from 1991 to 2020.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Jordan, Michelle (February 23, 2018). "City Limits: Explaining the annexation process". City of Huntsville. Retrieved December 24, 2022.
  2. ^ "Rocket City, U.S.A." Time. p. 1. Archived from the original on August 31, 2008. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
  3. ^ "Logo and Identity Standards". City of Huntsville. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
  4. ^ A Digest of the Laws of the State of Alabama: Containing The Statutes and Resolutions in Force at the end of the General Assembly in January 1823. Published by Ginn & Curtis, J. & J. Harper, Printers, New-York, 1828. Title 14. Chapter I. Section 2. pp. 106–107. "An Act directing Courts to be held in the County of Madison, &c.—Passed December 23, 1809(...)Sec 2. And be it further enacted. That the town so laid out shall be known by the name Twickenham." (Internet Archive)
  5. ^ A Digest of the Laws of the State of Alabama: Containing The Statutes and Resolutions in Force at the end of the General Assembly in January 1823. Published by Ginn & Curtis, J. & J. Harper, Printers, New-York, 1828. Title 62. Chapter V. pp. 774–775. "An Act to Incorporate the Town of Huntsville, Madison County —Passed December 9, 1811." (Internet Archive)
  6. ^ "62 – Chapter V.". A Digest of the Laws of the State of Alabama: Containing The Statutes and Resolutions in Force at the end of the General Assembly in January, 1823. New-York: Ginn & Curtis, J. & J. Harper, Printers. 1828. pp. 774–775.
  7. ^ Acklen, William, ed. (1861). The Code of Ordinances of the City of Hunstville, With the Charter, Pursuant to an Order of the Mayor and Aldermen. Huntsville, Ala.: William B. Figures, Printer. Retrieved June 25, 2015.
  8. ^ a b "2023 U.S. Gazetteer Files". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 13, 2024.
  9. ^ a b U.S. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Huntsville, Alabama
  10. ^ a b c "Explore Census Data". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 13, 2024.
  11. ^ "City of Huntsville Statistics". City of Huntsville. Retrieved August 30, 2024.
  12. ^ Shipley, Austen (September 10, 2024). "'City of opportunity': Huntsville mayor delivers State of the City address". 256 Today. Retrieved December 7, 2024.
  13. ^ "Madison County". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved January 29, 2023.
  14. ^ "Madison County". Retrieved April 28, 2017.
  15. ^ a b Gattis, Paul (February 8, 2018). "Huntsville set to cross Tennessee River, annex part of Morgan County". The Huntsville Times. Archived from the original on October 24, 2018. Retrieved October 24, 2018.
  16. ^ "Strategic Realignment: Huntsville". Federal Bureau of Investigation. Retrieved October 17, 2021.
  17. ^ Storey, Deborah (February 3, 2010). "Huntsville on the list of 'Distinctive Destinations' for 2010". The Huntsville Times.
  18. ^ "Huntsville rockets past Birmingham in Census, now Alabama's largest city". AL.COM. August 12, 2021. Retrieved August 12, 2021.
  19. ^ a b "City and Town Population Totals: 2020–2022". United States Census Bureau. March 13, 2024. Retrieved March 13, 2024.
  20. ^ "Municipalities of Alabama Incorporation Dates" (PDF). Alabama League of Municipalities. Archived from the original (PDF) on February 25, 2024. Retrieved March 13, 2024.
  21. ^ Edward Chambers Betts. (1909). Early History of Huntsville Alabama 1804 to 1870. Revised 1916. Montgomery, Alabama: The Brown Printing Company. p. 6. Library of Congress website Retrieved October 7, 2023.
  22. ^ Hill, Sarah H. (January 16, 2008). "Cherokee Indian Removal". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved December 18, 2022.
  23. ^ "Notes on the History of Huntsville". History.msfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on May 27, 2010. Retrieved November 8, 2011.
  24. ^ Kathleen Paul Jones. "Madison County, Mississippi. Territorial Period, 1801-1817." The Huntsville Historical Review, Vol. 1, No. 1, January 1971. p. 35. Univ. of Ala. Huntsville website Retrieved October 7, 2023.
  25. ^ Record, James, and John McCormick; "Huntsville, Alabama: Rocket City, U.S.A.", pamphlet published in 1953 by Strode Publishers
  26. ^ Norris, Toby. "Helion Lodge #1, Huntsville, Alabama". Helionlodge.org. Retrieved November 8, 2011.
  27. ^ "History of Huntsville". City of Huntsville. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
  28. ^ "David Wade House, Bob Wade Lane, Huntsville, Madison County, AL". Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA. Retrieved December 18, 2022.
  29. ^ a b c Snow, Whitney Adrienne (October 1, 2010). "Cotton Mill City: The Huntsville Textile Industry, 1880-1989". The Alabama Review. 63 (4): 243–282. doi:10.1353/ala.2010.0006. S2CID 154931802.
  30. ^ a b Phillips, Kenneth E.; Roberts, Janet. "Cotton". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved December 18, 2022.
  31. ^ a b Rohr, Nancy. "Free People of Color in Madison County, Alabama". Huntsville History Collection. Retrieved May 26, 2023.
  32. ^ Austin, Daniel B. (1971). "The Life of the Negro Slave in Alabama". Jacksonville State University. p. 45. Retrieved May 26, 2023.
  33. ^ Hebert, Keith S. (August 5, 2009). "Slavery". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved May 26, 2023.
  34. ^ "History of the Alabama State Capitol". Alabama Historical Commission. Retrieved October 7, 2019.
  35. ^ Harper's Encyclopædia of United States History from 458 A.D. to 1905: Based Upon the Plan of Benson John Lossing ... Harper & brothers. 1906. p. 526.
  36. ^ Cole, R.T. (1996). Stocker, Jeffrey D. (ed.). From Huntsville to Appomattox: R.T. Coles's History of 4th Regiment, Alabama Volunteer Infantry, C.S.A., Army of Northern Virginia. United States: University of Tennessee Press. ISBN 978-1-57233-340-6. OCLC 149517107.
  37. ^ North Alabama Civil War generals: 13 wore gray, the rest blue. Madison, Alabama: Tennessee Valley Civil War Round Table. 2014. ISBN 978-1-63318-182-3. OCLC 1141202898.
  38. ^ Ross, Steve. "History of the First". 1st Alabama Cavalry. Retrieved December 18, 2022.
  39. ^ Cline, Wayne (1997). Alabama Railroads. Tuscaloosa: The University of Alabama Press. p. 4.
  40. ^ a b Rohr, Nancy M.; Chadick, Mary Jane (2005). Incidents of the war: the Civil War journal of Mary Jane Chadick. Huntsville, Alabama: SilverThreads Publishing. ISBN 978-0-9707368-1-9. OCLC 62675679.
  41. ^ Kvach, John F.; Ethridge, Charity; Hopkins, Michelle; Leberman, Susanna (2013) [April 1, 2013]. Huntsville (Images of America). Arcadia Publishing. p. 9. ISBN 978-0-7385-9891-8. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
  42. ^ "Attendance Records of the state Constitutional Convention, 1867–1868". Document Bank of Virginia. Retrieved December 18, 2022.
  43. ^ "William Hooper Councill High School Site". City of Huntsville. Retrieved December 18, 2022.
  44. ^ Snow, Whitney Adrienne (2010). "Cotton Mill City: The Huntsville Textile Industry, 1880–1989". Alabama Review. 63 (4): 243–281. doi:10.1353/ala.2010.0006. ISSN 2166-9961. S2CID 154931802.
  45. ^ "NASA MSFC Notes on the History of Huntsville". History.msfc.nasa.gov. Archived from the original on May 27, 2010. Retrieved November 8, 2011.
  46. ^ a b c Baker, Michael E. (1993). Redstone Arsenal: yesterday and today. Redstone Arsenal, Alabama: U.S. Army Missile Command.
  47. ^ Laney, Monique (2015). German Rocketeers in the Heart of Dixie: Making Sense of the Nazi Past During the Civil Rights Era. New Haven, Connecticut: Yale University Press. ISBN 978-0-300-21345-4. OCLC 910553920.
  48. ^ Dunn, Marcia (August 6, 2018). "Rocket City, Alabama: Space history and an eye on the future". Associated Press.
  49. ^ Bracker, Milton (February 1, 1958). "Roars Up in Florida Tense 15 3/4 Seconds After It Is Fired Jupiter-C Rocket Bearing Nation's First Satellite Is Launched by Army in Florida – Device Goes Up With Great Roar – Weight of 80-Inch Satellite Is 30.8 Pounds — Rocket's Final Stage Is 12.67". The New York Times. Retrieved August 29, 2021.
  50. ^ a b Dunar, Andrew J.; Waring, Stephen P. (1999). Power to Explore: A History of Marshall Space Flight Center 1960-1990 (PDF). Washington, D.C.: NASA.
  51. ^ "The Loss of Space Command Headquarters Brings an Alabama City Down to Earth". The New York Times. August 5, 2023. Retrieved August 5, 2023.
  52. ^ Fisk 2019, p. 66.
  53. ^ Fisk 2019, p. 67.
  54. ^ a b c Robinson, Kerry (April 14, 2014). "Blacks in Huntsville, Alabama, sit in and win racial desegregation at lunch counters, 1962". Global Nonviolent Action Database. Retrieved May 23, 2023.
  55. ^ a b Fisk 2019, p. 77.
  56. ^ Fisk 2019, p. 79–80.
  57. ^ Fisk 2019, p. 80–82.
  58. ^ Fisk 2019, p. 85.
  59. ^ Gray, Margo (January 18, 2011). "Blue jeans put Huntsville in civil rights movement". WAFF 48. Retrieved May 24, 2023.
  60. ^ Fisk 2019, p. 86–87.
  61. ^ Neuman, Scott (July 22, 2019). "As NASA's Apollo Space Program Grew, Alabama Was Pressured To Desegregate". NPR. Retrieved May 25, 2023.
  62. ^ McCarter, Mark (September 25, 2017). "Huntsville tethers International Space Station to Earth". City of Huntsville. Retrieved May 25, 2023.
  63. ^ Kesner, Kenneth (September 6, 2012). "'Epicenter of missile defense' growing on Redstone Arsenal". AL.com. Retrieved December 18, 2022.
  64. ^ "Huntsville Statistics". maps.huntsvilleal.gov. Retrieved May 31, 2023.
  65. ^ Haskins, Shelly (February 14, 2008). "Huntsville council annexes more Limestone land ahead of anti-annexation bill". The Huntsville Times. Huntsville. Retrieved January 9, 2010.
  66. ^ "Monte Sano State Park". Alabama State Parks. Alabama Department of Conservation and Natural Resources. Retrieved April 11, 2016.
  67. ^ Adams, Eric (July 22, 2016). "Mountains of Madison County Part One - Huntsville Outdoors". huntsvilleoutdoors.com. Retrieved December 19, 2022.
  68. ^ "About NSS". National Speleological Society. Retrieved December 19, 2022.
  69. ^ a b "Huntsville Climate: Narrative". weather.gov. National Weather Service. Retrieved December 19, 2022.
  70. ^ "Climate". Huntsville/Madison County Chamber. Retrieved December 19, 2022.
  71. ^ "Madison County Tornadoes". weather.gov. Archived from the original on December 19, 2022. Retrieved December 19, 2022.
  72. ^ Rice, Doyle (April 25, 2011). "Dixie Alley may see more tornado action than even Tornado Alley". USA Today. Archived from the original on February 29, 2012. Retrieved January 24, 2012.
  73. ^ Gerard, Alan; Gagan, John; Gordon, John (October 17, 2005). "A Comparison of Tornado Statistics from Tornado Alley and Dixie Alley". National Weather Service. Archived from the original (PPT) on October 19, 2012. Retrieved January 24, 2012.
  74. ^ Stephens, Challen (April 29, 2011). "Tornadoes now responsible for 9 deaths in Madison County, officials say". The Huntsville Times. AL.com. Retrieved November 8, 2011.
  75. ^ "42 Persons Dead in Severe Storms, Tornadoes in Alabama". The Times-News. Hendersonville, North Carolina. The Associated Press. March 25, 1974. p. 19. Retrieved March 20, 2010.[permanent dead link]
  76. ^ Sherer, Dennis (April 3, 2004). "Night of April 3, 1974, marked change in severe weather alerts, preparedness". TimesDaily. Florence, Alabama. p. B1. Retrieved March 20, 2010.
  77. ^ "Huntsville tornado measured EF-2 on Fujita scale". Huntsville Times. Associated Press. January 23, 2010.
  78. ^ "Huntsville Winter Statistics". weather.gov. Retrieved May 25, 2023.
  79. ^ Doyle, Steve (January 10, 2011). "Snowfall most since 1988 in Huntsville, third-biggest on record". The Huntsville Times. Retrieved October 4, 2011.
  80. ^ "NOWData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved June 6, 2021.
  81. ^ "Station: Huntsville INTL AP, AL". U.S. Climate Normals 2020: U.S. Monthly Climate Normals (1991-2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved June 6, 2021.
  82. ^ "Comparative Climatic Data For the United States Through 2018" (PDF). NOAA. Archived from the original (PDF) on September 19, 2020. Retrieved July 28, 2020.
  83. ^ "World Meteorological Organization Standard Normals 1961–1990". World Meteorological Organization. Retrieved June 6, 2021.
  84. ^ "Census of Population and Housing". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  85. ^ "P004 HISPANIC OR LATINO, AND NOT HISPANIC OR LATINO BY RACE – 2000: DEC Summary File 1 – Huntsville city, Alabama". United States Census Bureau.
  86. ^ "P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2010: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Huntsville city, Alabama". United States Census Bureau.
  87. ^ "P2: Hispanic or Latino, and Not Hispanic or Latino by Race – 2020: DEC Redistricting Data (PL 94-171) – Huntsville city, Alabama". United States Census Bureau.
  88. ^ "US Census Bureau, Table P16: Household Type". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved March 13, 2024.
  89. ^ Vollers, Anna Claire. "Huntsville, Alabama Job Market". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved May 25, 2023.
  90. ^ "2021 Fortune 500 - Huntsville Metro Area" (PDF). asmartplace.com. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 18, 2022. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
  91. ^ "Parkway Place | Huntsville AL". parkwayplacemall.com. Retrieved December 20, 2022.
  92. ^ DeButy, Lucy Berry (May 12, 2021). "A look ahead: What's to come at MidCity District in Huntsville". City of Huntsville Blog. Retrieved December 20, 2022.
  93. ^ "MidCity District". MidCity District. Retrieved December 20, 2022.
  94. ^ "Home". Bridge Street Town Centre. Retrieved December 20, 2022.
  95. ^ a b "NASA Marshall Space Flight Center". Space Foundation. Retrieved December 20, 2022.
  96. ^ "U.S. Army Aviation & Missile Command Fact Sheet" (PDF). amcom.army.mil. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 20, 2022. Retrieved December 19, 2022.
  97. ^ "Toyota Motor Manufacturing, Alabama (TMMAL)". Toyota USA Newsroom. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
  98. ^ "Navistar Manufacturing Locations". Navistar - Our Company. Retrieved April 11, 2023.
  99. ^ "Huntsville lands $1.6 billion Toyota-Mazda manufacturing plant". City of Huntsville. January 10, 2018. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
  100. ^ "Mazda Toyota Location in North AL | Mazda Toyota Manufacturing". Mazda Toyota Manufacturing Careers. Retrieved December 20, 2022.
  101. ^ "Mayor Tommy Battle Announces Huntsville Biotech Initiative". HuntsvilleAL.gov. September 26, 2014. Archived from the original on October 11, 2014.
  102. ^ "The Story of HudsonAlpha". HudsonAlpha Institute for Biotechnology. Retrieved December 24, 2022.
  103. ^ Short, Gail Allyn (April 11, 2018). "Alabama Biotech Investment 101". Business Alabama Magazine. Archived from the original on September 11, 2018. Retrieved December 24, 2022.
  104. ^ Hansen, Jeff (March 13, 2013). "HudsonAlpha Institute builds base in Huntsville for biotech research". Made in Alabama. Alabama Department of Commerce.
  105. ^ "Meta Data Centers - Huntsville" (PDF). Meta. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 18, 2022. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
  106. ^ Gattis, Paul (June 9, 2022). "Facebook expansion of Meta Data Center in Huntsville tops $1.5 billion". AL.com. Retrieved December 18, 2022.
  107. ^ Koplowitz, Howard (December 17, 2022). "Meta pauses construction on part of Huntsville data center over redesign". AL.com. Retrieved December 18, 2022.
  108. ^ "Districts". City of Huntsville. Retrieved December 18, 2022.
  109. ^ "Maria Howard Weeden". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved December 18, 2022.
  110. ^ "Old Town Historic District". Old Town Historic District. Retrieved December 18, 2022.
  111. ^ "Huntsville's Dallas Mill, Lowe Mill & Lincoln Mill textile neighborhoods are now on National Register of Historic Places". AL.com. July 10, 2011. Retrieved December 18, 2022.
  112. ^ "EarlyWorks Children's Museum". EarlyWorks Family of Museums. Retrieved January 11, 2023.
  113. ^ a b c d e "Top Things To Do In Huntsville". Huntsville Scoop. January 26, 2020. Retrieved May 25, 2023.
  114. ^ "Alabama Constitution Hall Park & Museum". EarlyWorks Family of Museums. Retrieved December 18, 2022.
  115. ^ "Historic Huntsville Depot". EarlyWorks Family of Museums. Archived from the original on December 18, 2022. Retrieved December 18, 2022.
  116. ^ "Burritt on the Mountain". burrittonthemountain.com. Retrieved January 10, 2023.
  117. ^ "Harrison Brothers". Historic Huntsville Foundation. August 26, 2016. Retrieved January 10, 2023.
  118. ^ Young, Jennifer (March 17, 2020). "One Of The Oldest Hardware Stores In The U.S., Harrison Brothers Hardware In Alabama Is Now 141 Years Old". Only In Your State. Retrieved January 11, 2023.
  119. ^ "Huntsville Museum of Art". Hsvmuseum.org. Retrieved November 8, 2011.
  120. ^ a b "Welcome To The North Alabama Railroad Museum". North Alabama Railroad Museum. Archived from the original on December 17, 2022. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
  121. ^ "U.S. Space & Rocket Center". U.S. Space & Rocket Center. Retrieved December 18, 2022.
  122. ^ "Alabama SP Saturn V Space Vehicle". National Archives Catalog. November 2, 1978. Archived from the original on December 18, 2022. Retrieved December 18, 2022.
  123. ^ "U.S. Veterans Memorial Museum". memorialmuseum.org. Retrieved December 18, 2022.
  124. ^ "U.S. Veterans Memorial Museum". alabama.travel. Retrieved January 11, 2023.
  125. ^ "Locations". Huntsville-Madison County Public Library. Retrieved May 25, 2023.
  126. ^ "Free Wi-Fi". Huntsville-Madison County Public Library. Retrieved December 18, 2022.
  127. ^ "Computer Use". Huntsville-Madison County Public Library. Retrieved December 18, 2022.
  128. ^ Stamps, Katie (May 7, 2021). "Library archives offers glimpse into Huntsville history via tangible, digital assets". City of Huntsville Blog. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
  129. ^ "About Arts Huntsville". Artshuntsville.org. Archived from the original on May 18, 2022. Retrieved May 28, 2022.
  130. ^ McKinley, Meridith C.; Bressi, Todd W. (2019). "City of Huntsville Public Art Master Plan" (PDF). Arts Huntsville. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 18, 2022. Retrieved December 18, 2022.
  131. ^ "Huntsville Museum of Art (HMA)". Hsvmuseum.org. Retrieved November 9, 2011.
  132. ^ "A World Within: Art by Women from the Permanent Collection — Aug 20-Feb 26". Huntsville Museum of Art. July 30, 2022. Retrieved December 18, 2022.
  133. ^ "Huntsville Photographic Society". Huntsville Photographic Society. Retrieved November 9, 2011.
  134. ^ "Huntsville Art League". Huntsville Art League. Retrieved November 9, 2011.
  135. ^ "Exhibit Your Art – Huntsville Art League". Huntsville Art League. Retrieved December 18, 2022.
  136. ^ "Panoply Arts Festival". Panoply.org. Archived from the original on September 3, 2010. Retrieved November 8, 2011.
  137. ^ "Panoply Arts Festival | Community Events In Huntsville, AL". huntsville.org. Retrieved December 18, 2022.
  138. ^ "2023 Panoply Arts Festival – Arts Huntsville". Arts Huntsville. Archived from the original on December 18, 2022. Retrieved December 18, 2022.
  139. ^ "World's longest-running Cigar Box Guitar Festival set for June 2–4". City of Huntsville. May 18, 2023. Retrieved May 25, 2023.
  140. ^ Wake, Matt (May 28, 2014). "Celebrate with a Cigar (Box Guitar Festival); World's longest-running event of its kind turns 10 in Huntsville this weekend". AL.com. Retrieved April 20, 2017.
  141. ^ "Galaxy of Lights". Huntsville Botanical Garden. Retrieved December 18, 2022.
  142. ^ "Galaxy of Lights 3k Fun Run". Huntsville Botanical Garden. Retrieved December 18, 2022.
  143. ^ Gattis, Paul (October 12, 2022). "Huntsville's Galaxy of Lights to feature more walking nights this season". AL.com. Retrieved May 25, 2023.
  144. ^ "Huntsville Community Chorus Association". thechorus.org. Retrieved November 8, 2011.
  145. ^ "History". thechorus.org. Retrieved December 18, 2022.
  146. ^ "Huntsville Community Chorus Association". Arts Huntsville. Retrieved May 25, 2023.
  147. ^ "Huntsville Symphony Orchestra". Hso.org. Retrieved November 8, 2011.
  148. ^ "Symphony School". Huntsville Symphony Orchestra. Archived from the original on December 17, 2022. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
  149. ^ Parker, Gregg (November 3, 2020). "Huntsville Symphony Orchestra again performing at VBC". The Madison Record. Retrieved May 25, 2023.
  150. ^ "Welcome!". Huntsvilleyouthorchestra.org. Retrieved November 9, 2011.
  151. ^ Poe, Brenda (January 31, 2023). "Huntsville Youth Orchestra Spring Registration today". The Item. Retrieved May 25, 2023.
  152. ^ "Huntsville Chamber Music Guild Celebrity Concert Series". Huntsville Chamber Music Guild Celebrity Concert Series. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
  153. ^ "Huntsville Chamber Music Guild". Arts Huntsville. Retrieved May 25, 2023.
  154. ^ "Broadway Theatre League". Broadway Theatre League. Retrieved November 8, 2011.
  155. ^ "Broadway Theatre League announces 2023-2024 season". FOX54. April 4, 2023. Retrieved May 25, 2023.
  156. ^ "Fantasy Playhouse Children's Theater & Academy". Fantasy Playhouse Children's Theater & Academy. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
  157. ^ "Fantasy Playhouse Children's Theater & Academy". Arts Huntsville. Retrieved May 25, 2023.
  158. ^ Mom, Rocket City (November 1, 2022). "Back for 2022 - Fantasy Playhouse Presents "A Christmas Carol"". Rocket City Mom. Retrieved December 18, 2022.
  159. ^ "Independent Musical Productions (IMP)". IMP Huntsville. Retrieved November 8, 2011.
  160. ^ "Independent Musical Productions (IMP)". huntsville.org. Retrieved May 25, 2023.
  161. ^ "Improvements". vonbrauncenter.com. Retrieved December 18, 2022.
  162. ^ "Von Braun Center". Huntsville.org. Retrieved May 25, 2023.
  163. ^ Busdeker, Jon (March 31, 2010). "Huntsville's newest brewery Straight to Ale set to open in April". AL.com. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
  164. ^ Marshall, Mike (March 15, 2011). "Huntsville's Straight to Ale microbrewery taking over Olde Towne Brewery". AL.com. Retrieved August 20, 2016.
  165. ^ Berry, Lucy (May 28, 2016). "Straight to Ale expansion near completion at Campus 805 in Huntsville". Alabama Media Group (AL.com). Retrieved August 20, 2016.
  166. ^ "Straight to Ale - Southern Born. Southern Brewed". Straight to Ale. Retrieved December 18, 2022.
  167. ^ "Yellowhammer Brewing Release Party". RateBeer.com. October 16, 2010.
  168. ^ Lawson, Brian (December 17, 2015). "Yellowhammer Brewing's new brewery will open December 26 at Campus No. 805 site". WHNT News-19. Nexstar Media Group Inc.
  169. ^ "Salty Nut Brewery – We're A Handful". Salty Nut Brewery. Retrieved December 18, 2022.
  170. ^ Berry, Lucy (June 13, 2013). "Huntsville's Salty Nut Brewery unveiling new craft beer this week in Madison County". al.com. Alabama Media Group.
  171. ^ Berry, Lucy (August 17, 2015). "Salty Nut Brewery will find a new home next year at Yellowhammer facility in Huntsville". al.com. Alabama Media Group.
  172. ^ "Green Bus Brewing". huntsville.org. Retrieved December 18, 2022.
  173. ^ Berry, Lucy (August 4, 2015). "Green Bus Brewing to launch brewhouse, taproom in downtown Huntsville". al.com. Alabama Media Group.
  174. ^ "Homepage". huntsvillehavoc.com. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
  175. ^ Silverman, Alex (April 11, 2023). "Nashville SC charts new MLS Next Pro territory, adding a team in Huntsville". Nashville Business Journal. Retrieved June 12, 2023.
  176. ^ "Rocket City Roller Derby". Rocket City Roller Derby. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
  177. ^ "UAH Athletics - Official Athletics Website". UAH Athletics. Retrieved December 20, 2022.
  178. ^ "Facilities". UAH Athletics. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
  179. ^ "Alabama A&M Quick Facts". Alabama A&M Athletics. Retrieved December 22, 2022.
  180. ^ "VBC Propst Arena Rental Rates" (PDF). Von Braun Center. 2018. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
  181. ^ "Toyota Field officially open for Trash Pandas baseball". AL.com. February 27, 2020. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
  182. ^ "Trash Pandas' first season pays off at the bank for city of Madison". Al.com. March 29, 2022. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
  183. ^ Gattis, Paul (May 1, 2023). "Once an eyesore, Joe Davis Stadium wraps up $29 million facelift". AL.com. Retrieved June 12, 2023.
  184. ^ "Facilities". Alabama A&M Athletics. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
  185. ^ "Milton Frank Stadium". huntsville.org. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
  186. ^ "Merrimack Soccer Complex". City of Huntsville. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
  187. ^ "Merrimack Soccer Complex - Turf". North Alabama Soccer Coalition. February 19, 2020. Retrieved May 25, 2023.
  188. ^ "Huntsville Speedway". Huntsville Speedway. Retrieved December 20, 2022.
  189. ^ "Huntsville Speedway". Huntsville.org. Retrieved May 25, 2023.
  190. ^ Chick, Bob (October 18, 1966). "Huntsville's Dead, Buried". St. Petersburg Independent. St. Petersburg, Florida. pp. 14–A. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
  191. ^ "Will the COFL's Alabama Hawks move to Birmingham?". birminghamprosports.com. October 10, 1969. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
  192. ^ McCarter, Mark (January 15, 2014). "A timeline of Huntsville Stars' history (gallery)". AL.com. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
  193. ^ a b c McCarter, Mark (March 25, 2015). "Von Braun Center has celebrated much sports success, but also been graveyard for some franchises". AL.com. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
  194. ^ "Huntsville Fire ceases operations". The Gadsden Times. Gadsden, AL: New York Times Company. September 29, 1998. p. B3. Retrieved June 5, 2013.
  195. ^ Dyer, Jessica (July 8, 2011). "T-Birds Sold, Moving to Ohio". Albuquerque Journal. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
  196. ^ "Tennessee Valley Football renamed Raptors". OurSports Central. January 26, 2005. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
  197. ^ "Parks and Trails - City of Huntsville". Huntsvilleal.gov. Retrieved January 8, 2022.
  198. ^ Doyle, Steve (May 7, 2013). "Huntsville, Birmingham named '2013 Playful City USA' communities for devotion to letting kids play". AL.com. Retrieved May 25, 2023.
  199. ^ Stilwell, Bobby (January 11, 2022). "Eternal flame temporarily extinguished at Huntsville park". WHNT19. Retrieved December 19, 2022.
  200. ^ "Big Spring International Park". Huntsville.org. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
  201. ^ "John Hunt Park Championship Fields". City of Huntsville. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
  202. ^ "John Hunt Park". Huntsville.org. Retrieved May 25, 2023.
  203. ^ "Burritt on the Mountain - Huntsville Museum, Education, History". Burritt On The Mountain. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
  204. ^ "Burritt on the Mountain". Huntsville.org. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
  205. ^ "Burritt on the Mountain". Huntsville.org. Retrieved May 25, 2023.
  206. ^ Lee, Lauren (February 14, 2023). "Spend your spring at Burritt on the Mountain". Rocket City Mom. Retrieved May 25, 2023.
  207. ^ "Huntsville Botanical Garden – Home". Huntsville Botanical Garden. Retrieved November 8, 2011.
  208. ^ "Huntsville Botanical Garden". Huntsville.org. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
  209. ^ "Monte Sano Nature Preserve". Land Trust of North Alabama. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
  210. ^ "Monte Sano State Park". Alabama State Parks. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
  211. ^ "Monte Sano State Park". huntsville.org. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
  212. ^ "5 State Parks Near Huntsville, Alabama". America's State Parks. March 4, 2022. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
  213. ^ "Robert Trent Jones Golf Trail at Hampton Cove". Huntsville.org. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
  214. ^ "Robert Trent Jones Golf Trail at Hampton Cove". Huntsville.org. Retrieved May 25, 2023.
  215. ^ "Sunset Landing Golf Course". FlyHSV. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
  216. ^ "Sunset Landing Golf Course". Huntsville.org. Retrieved May 25, 2023.
  217. ^ "Links at Redstone Golf Course". redstone.armymwr.com. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
  218. ^ "The Links at Redstone Arsenal". Huntsville.org. Retrieved May 25, 2023.
  219. ^ "Huntsville, AL – Golf - The Ledges". theledges.com. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
  220. ^ "The Ledges Country Club". Top 100 Golf Courses. Retrieved May 25, 2023.
  221. ^ Doyle, Steve (July 15, 2015). "Huntsville City Administrator Rex Reynolds to retire in January, will be replaced by former Redstone Garrison Commander John Hamilton (updated)". AL.com. Retrieved July 16, 2017.
  222. ^ "City Council". City of Huntsville. Retrieved December 16, 2018.
  223. ^ "Boards & Commissions". City of Huntsville. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
  224. ^ Gattis, Paul (September 23, 2021). "Work expected to begin soon on Huntsville's new $80 million city hall". AL.com. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
  225. ^ White, Ronnie (July 6, 2007). "U.S. Sen. Barack Obama will visit Huntsville Monday". AL.com. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
  226. ^ Smith, Dylan (June 21, 2022). "Dale Strong defeats Casey Wardynski, secures AL-5 GOP nod in dominant victory". Yellowhammer News. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
  227. ^ "Huntsville City Schools". Hsv.k12.al.us. Retrieved November 8, 2011.
  228. ^ a b "Huntsville City". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
  229. ^ "Magnet Programs". Huntsville City Schools. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
  230. ^ "2020 Census – School District Reference Map: Morgan County, AL" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. p. 5 (PDF p. 6/14). Retrieved August 1, 2022. - Text list
  231. ^ "2020 Census – School District Reference Map: Madison County, AL" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. p. 4 (PDF p. 5/7). Retrieved August 1, 2022. - Text list
  232. ^ "2020 Census – School District Reference Map: Limestone County, AL" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. p. 25 (PDF p. 26/30). Retrieved August 1, 2022. - Text list
  233. ^ "St. John Paul II Catholic High School". jp2falcons.org. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
  234. ^ "Home". Oakwood Adventist Academy. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
  235. ^ "Whitesburg Christian Academy". whitesburgchristianacademy.org. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
  236. ^ "Welcome". Grace Lutheran School. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
  237. ^ "Westminster Christian Academy". Westminster Christian Academy. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
  238. ^ "Randolph School • Private day school in Huntsville, Alabama". Randolph School. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
  239. ^ "University of Alabama at Huntsville". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved January 10, 2023.
  240. ^ "Facts & Figures - The University of Alabama in Huntsville". uah.edu. March 7, 2018. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
  241. ^ "UAH joins select group of national research universities - Carnegie Foundation - The University of Alabama in Huntsville". uah.edu. August 17, 2011. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
  242. ^ "Alabama A&M University". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
  243. ^ "Oakwood University". U.S. News & World Report. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
  244. ^ "College Navigator - J. F. Drake State Community and Technical College". National Center for Educational Statistics. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
  245. ^ "Homepage". Calhoun Community College. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
  246. ^ "Redstone Arsenal, AL". Columbia College. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
  247. ^ "Huntsville". Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
  248. ^ "Huntsville Campus". Faulkner University. Retrieved December 23, 2022.
  249. ^ "Huntsville, AL Campus". Strayer University. December 2, 2022. Retrieved December 24, 2022.
  250. ^ "GTRI Huntsville Research Center". Georgia Tech Research Institute. Retrieved December 24, 2022.
  251. ^ "Huntsville". University of Alabama in Birmingham. Retrieved December 24, 2022.
  252. ^ "UAB Medicine Huntsville". UAB Medicine. Retrieved December 24, 2022.
  253. ^ "Ross Education Huntsville, AL". Ross Education. Retrieved December 24, 2022.
  254. ^ "Radiologic Technology Associate Degree Program by Huntsville Hospital". Huntsville Hospital. Retrieved December 24, 2022.
  255. ^ Beyerle, Dana (October 15, 1990). "Times editor defends 'Alabama Bound' piece". The Huntsville Times. pp. 4–5. Retrieved December 24, 2022.
  256. ^ "Alabama Media Group is the Chamber's 2022 Minority Business Advocate". Mobile Chamber. September 30, 2022. Retrieved December 24, 2022.
  257. ^ "Huntsville, AL | Alabama Local News, Breaking News, Sports & Weather". AL.com. Retrieved December 24, 2022.
  258. ^ "Alabama Media Group, a new digitally focused company, will launch this fall with expanded online coverage and enhanced three-day-a-week newspapers". AL.com. May 24, 2012. Retrieved December 24, 2022.
  259. ^ "The Redstone Rocket". The Redstone Rocket. Retrieved December 24, 2022.
  260. ^ "About". Speakin' Out News. Retrieved December 24, 2022.
  261. ^ "Huntsville Magazine, Your #1 Guide to Rocket City Life". Huntsville Magazine. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
  262. ^ "About Huntsville Magazine | Huntsville Magazine". Huntsville Magazine. November 23, 2019. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
  263. ^ "NWR Station Propagation". weather.gov. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
  264. ^ "DMA: Huntsville, AL" (PDF). Viamedia. Retrieved December 24, 2022.
  265. ^ "Huntsville, Alabama TV Channels". TV Stations Near Me. Retrieved December 24, 2022.
  266. ^ Hitt, David (July 29, 2021). "What You Can Learn About Huntsville From Movies". huntsville.org. Retrieved December 24, 2022.
  267. ^ "'Constellation' movie showcases Huntsville". NBC News. February 14, 2007. Retrieved December 24, 2022.
  268. ^ Kazek, Kelly (October 31, 2015). "Vintage photos of 3 horror and sci-fi movies filmed in Alabama". AL.com. Retrieved December 24, 2022.
  269. ^ Claborn, Jocelyn (May 24, 2022). "Local talent, big hit movie: New movie filmed in North Alabama". WAFF 48. Retrieved December 24, 2022.
  270. ^ Finn, Natalie (June 30, 2020). "Blast Off With These 25 Facts About Apollo 13". E! Online. Retrieved December 24, 2022.
  271. ^ "Interstate 565 Alabama". Interstate-Guide.com. February 27, 2019. Retrieved December 24, 2022.
  272. ^ "Greenways and Major Roads". Huntsville Outdoors. June 7, 2016. Retrieved December 24, 2022.
  273. ^ "Parking and Public Transit Department". City of Huntsville. Retrieved December 24, 2022.
  274. ^ "Orbit". City of Huntsville. Retrieved December 24, 2022.
  275. ^ "Access". City of Huntsville. Retrieved December 24, 2022.
  276. ^ "Ride-sharing". City of Huntsville. Retrieved December 24, 2022.
  277. ^ "the OpenStreetMap Cycle Map". OpenCycleMap.org. Retrieved August 11, 2012.
  278. ^ "Huntsville Bike Committee » Bike Routes Map". Hsvbike.com. Archived from the original on August 18, 2011. Retrieved November 8, 2011.
  279. ^ "Bike Maps". Retrieved October 12, 2017.
  280. ^ "Bikeway Plans". Retrieved October 12, 2017.
  281. ^ "Singing River Trail of North Alabama". singingrivertrail.com. Retrieved July 22, 2020.
  282. ^ "Huntsville, AL *". Norfolk Southern. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
  283. ^ "Historic Huntsville Depot (public grounds open)". huntsville.org. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
  284. ^ "Services". Huntsville & Madison County Railroad Authority. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
  285. ^ "Customs & Border Protection". Port of Huntsville. Retrieved December 18, 2022.
  286. ^ "Foreign Trade Zone #83". Port of Huntsville. Retrieved December 18, 2022.
  287. ^ "Airline Info". Huntsville International Airport. Retrieved December 24, 2022.
  288. ^ "Home". Huntsville International Airport. Retrieved December 24, 2022.
  289. ^ Brancatelli, Joe (June 12, 2013). "Most expensive airports for air travel". The Business Journals. Retrieved June 26, 2014.
  290. ^ "Executive Flight Center is the Fixed Base Operator at KMDQ, Huntsville Executive Airport". executiveflightcenter.com. Retrieved May 6, 2021.
  291. ^ "AIRPORT MASTER RECORD" (PDF). Federal Aviation Administration. December 1, 2022. Archived from the original (PDF) on December 24, 2022. Retrieved December 24, 2022.
  292. ^ "Huntsville Utilities". Huntsville Utilities. Retrieved December 17, 2022.
  293. ^ "Browns Ferry Nuclear Plant". Tennessee Valley Authority. Retrieved December 24, 2022.
  294. ^ "Guntersville". Tennessee Valley Authority. Retrieved December 24, 2022.
  295. ^ Logan, Noah (August 4, 2022). "Judge rules in favor of TVA over Bellefonte sale". Huntsville Business Journal. Retrieved December 24, 2022.
  296. ^ "Phone History". Huntsville Rewound. huntsvillerewound.com. Archived from the original on June 3, 2012. Retrieved October 4, 2011.
  297. ^ "Gigabit Internet Service in Huntsville, AL". Google Fiber. Retrieved December 18, 2022.
  298. ^ "AT&T Fiber Internet in Huntsville, AL". AT&T. Retrieved December 24, 2022.
  299. ^ "Huntsville Fire Department". Fire & Rescue Department. Hsvcity.com. Retrieved July 22, 2020.
  300. ^ "History". Join HFR. Retrieved December 24, 2022.
  301. ^ "HMCRSI - About Us". rescuesquad.net. Retrieved December 18, 2022.
  302. ^ "About". Huntsville Cave Rescue Unit. Archived from the original on December 18, 2022. Retrieved December 18, 2022.
  303. ^ Gattis, Paul (September 22, 2021). "Huntsville Hospital quietly opens $150 million surgical tower". The Huntsville Times. AL.com. Retrieved January 14, 2022.
  304. ^ "North Alabama Southern Tennessee Health Care with Huntsville Hospital". Huntsville Hospital. Retrieved January 14, 2022.
  305. ^ "About Us". Crestwood Medical Center. Retrieved December 12, 2020.
  306. ^ "Overview of Crestwood Medical Center". US News. Retrieved November 23, 2020.
  307. ^ "HEMSI". HEMSI. Retrieved November 8, 2011.
  308. ^ Lightfoot, Franklin & White, LLC (April 22, 2021). "Report by Independent Counsel to The Huntsville Police Citizens Advisory Council" (PDF). p. 21 of 248. Retrieved August 29, 2021.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  309. ^ "About HPD". joinhuntsvillepd.com. Retrieved April 26, 2021.
  310. ^ "Huntsville police testing new body cameras". WAFF 48 News. Gray Media Group, Inc. NBC. December 14, 2015. Retrieved September 2, 2021.
  311. ^ Sydney, Martin (May 22, 2018). "Huntsville police refuse to release body camera video". WAAY 31. Allen Media Broadcasting, LLC. ABC. Archived from the original on September 2, 2021. Retrieved September 2, 2021.
  312. ^ Levenson, Michael (August 20, 2021). "Former Alabama Officer Is Sentenced to 25 Years for Murdering Suicidal Man". The New York Times. Archived from the original on December 28, 2021. Retrieved August 28, 2021.
  313. ^ Remkus, Ashley (August 13, 2021). "Huntsville asks state to take over investigations when city police shoot someone". The Huntsville Times. AL.com. Retrieved August 28, 2021.
  314. ^ Gray, Margo (January 7, 2022). "HPD officer accused of girlfriend's murder, sources confirmed". WAFF 48 News. Gray Media Group, Inc. NBC. Retrieved January 8, 2022.
  315. ^ Kroschel, Matt (January 8, 2022). "Sources: Huntsville police officer charged with capital murder involving girlfriend". WAAY 31 News. Allen Media Broadcasting. ABC. Retrieved January 8, 2022.
  316. ^ Koplowitz, Howard (January 7, 2022). "Off-duty Huntsville officer charged with capital murder". The Huntsville Times. AL.com. Retrieved January 8, 2022.
  317. ^ "Huntsville Police Citizens Advisory Council". City of Huntsville. Retrieved August 29, 2021.
  318. ^ Huntley, Elizabeth H.; Sharman, Jackson R. III (April 22, 2021). "Report by Independent Counsel to The Huntsville Police Citizens Advisory Council" (PDF). p. 13 of 248. Retrieved August 29, 2021.
  319. ^ Remkus, Ashley (April 23, 2021). "Protest review finds 'unprofessional' behavior, policy violations by Huntsville police". The Huntsville Times. Retrieved August 29, 2021.
  320. ^ Wilson, Claire M. (July 13, 2010). "Jimmy Wales". Encyclopedia of Alabama. Retrieved December 24, 2022.
  321. ^ Mooneyham, Mike (August 21, 2021). "Beloved wrestling great 'Beautiful' Bobby Eaton was an 'everyman' favorite". Post and Courier. Retrieved December 24, 2022.
  322. ^ "Mervyn Warren". Alabama Music Hall of Fame. Retrieved December 24, 2022.
  323. ^ "Tallulah Bankhead / I. Schiffman Building Historical Marker". Historical Marker Database. Archived from the original on March 3, 2016. Retrieved August 11, 2016.
  324. ^ Wake, Matt (October 21, 2022). "'Terrifier 2′ star David Howard Thornton talks hit horror film, Alabama roots". Alabama Local News. Retrieved August 15, 2023.
  325. ^ "臺南市政府全球資訊網". 政風處 (in Chinese). May 9, 2011. Retrieved December 18, 2022.
  326. ^ "Sister cities of Huntsville, Alabama — sistercity.info". en.sistercity.info. Retrieved June 2, 2023.

Sources

[edit]

Further reading

[edit]
[edit]