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Foreign relations of Chad

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The foreign relations of Chad are significantly influenced by the desire for oil revenue and investment in Chadian oil industry and support for former Chadian President Idriss Déby. Chad is officially non-aligned but maintains close relations with France, its former colonial power.[needs update] Relations with neighbouring countries Libya and Sudan vary periodically. Lately, the Idris Déby regime waged an intermittent proxy war with Sudan. Aside from those two countries, Chad generally enjoys good relations with its neighbouring states.

Diplomatic relations

[edit]

List of countries which Chad maintains diplomatic relations with:

# Country Date
1  United States 11 August 1960[1]
2  Germany 11 August 1960[2]
3  France 12 August 1960[3]
4  Philippines 22 September 1960[4]
5  United Kingdom 9 December 1960[5]
6  Israel 10 January 1961[6]
7  Sudan 13 March 1961[7]
8  Belgium 27 June 1961[8]
9  South Korea 6 August 1961[9]
10  Japan 6 December 1961[10]
11  Canada 12 February 1962[11]
12  Netherlands 7 May 1962[12]
13  Nigeria 18 October 1962[13]
14  Cameroon 1962[14]
15  Libya 1962[15]
16  Republic of the Congo 13 February 1963[16]
17  Gabon 3 September 1963[17]
18  Morocco 16 December 1963[18]
19   Switzerland 16 December 1963[19]
20  Lebanon 1963[20]
21  Italy 13 February 1964[21]
22  Central African Republic 29 February 1964[22]
23  Luxembourg 28 April 1964[23]
24  Russia 24 November 1964[24]
25  Mali 15 January 1966[25]
26  Serbia 1966[26]
27  Czech Republic 5 February 1967[27]
28  Ghana 24 July 1967[28]
29  Tunisia 25 January 1968[29]
30  Guinea 29 August 1968[30]
31  North Korea 8 March 1969[31]
32  Democratic Republic of the Congo 2 April 1969[32]
33  Romania 15 July 1969[33]
34  Syria 16 August 1969[34]
35  Ethiopia 21 October 1969[35]
36  Turkey 27 January 1970[36]
37  Jordan January 1970[37]
38  Kuwait 31 March 1970[38]
39  Egypt September 1970[39]
40  Yemen 10 November 1970[40]
41  Iran 19 July 1972[41]
42  Senegal October 1972[42]
43  Hungary 1 November 1972[43]
44  Saudi Arabia 20 November 1972[44]
45  China 28 November 1972[45]
46  Rwanda 9 December 1972[46]
47  Bahrain 10 December 1972[47]
48  Qatar 13 December 1972[48]
49  United Arab Emirates 7 April 1973[49]
50  Iraq 29 April 1973[50]
51  Pakistan 30 June 1973[51]
52  Argentina 24 May 1974[52]
53  Spain 7 February 1975[53]
54  Algeria 18 August 1975[54]
55  Greece 13 September 1975[55]
56  India 18 October 1975[56]
57  Mexico 25 February 1976[57]
58  Uganda 8 September 1976[58]
59  Benin 18 October 1976[59]
60  Cuba 18 October 1976[60]
61  Burundi 6 December 1976[61]
62  Portugal 4 May 1977[62]
63  Ivory Coast 15 November 1977[62]
64  Austria 10 January 1978[63][64]
65  Poland 5 January 1979[65]
—  Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic (suspended) 4 July 1980[66][67]
66  Vietnam 5 October 1981[68]
67  Togo 10 April 1985[69]
68  Colombia 29 September 1988[62]
—  Holy See 28 November 1988[70]
69  Oman 21 January 1989[71]
—  State of Palestine 12 August 1989[72]
70  Bulgaria 10 October 1989[62]
71  Thailand 28 September 1990[73]
72  Ukraine 27 July 1992[74]
73  Kyrgyzstan 11 January 1993[75]
74  Tajikistan 27 February 1993[76]
75  Lithuania 10 August 1994[77]
76  Uzbekistan 16 September 1994[78]
77  Turkmenistan 4 October 1994[79]
78  South Africa 21 October 1994[80]
79  Bosnia and Herzegovina 1 December 1994[81]
80  Sweden 3 August 1995[82]
81  Norway 13 November 1995[83]
82  Latvia 23 April 1996[84]
83  Brazil 8 October 1996[62]
84  Kazakhstan 21 July 1999[85]
85  Croatia 17 September 1999[62]
86  North Macedonia 13 October 1999[62]
87  Slovakia 20 April 2000[62]
88  Ireland 30 June 2000[62]
89  Belarus 20 August 2001[86]
90  Cyprus 18 September 2002[62]
91  Azerbaijan 5 April 2004[87]
92  Iceland 14 April 2004[62]
93  Venezuela 5 March 2005[62]
94  Angola 23 June 2005[88]
95  Australia 19 December 2005[89]
96  Armenia 26 December 2006[90]
97  Finland 21 March 2007[62]
98  Kenya 26 May 2007[91]
99  Djibouti 20 April 2009[92]
100  Denmark 23 November 2009[93]
101  Cambodia 9 February 2010[62]
102  Mongolia 3 April 2014[62]
103  Georgia 19 June 2014[62]
104  Botswana 9 February 2015[94]
105  Montenegro 20 March 2015[62]
106  Fiji 4 August 2015[95]
107  Indonesia 22 September 2016[96]
—  Kosovo 27 May 2018[97]
108  Singapore 25 September 2018[98]
109  Chile 26 September 2018[99]
110  Estonia 27 September 2018[62]
111  Namibia 13 March 2019[100]
112  Liechtenstein 26 June 2019[101]
113  Sierra Leone 13 February 2020[102]
114  Gambia 31 August 2021[103]
115  Eritrea 12 October 2021[104]
116  Nicaragua 24 September 2021[105]
117  São Tomé and Príncipe 3 March 2022[106]
118  Zimbabwe 13 February 2023[107]
119  Burkina Faso Unknown
120  Brunei Unknown
121  Equatorial Guinea Unknown
122  Madagascar Unknown
123  Malaysia Unknown
124  Mauritania Unknown
125  Moldova Unknown[108]
126  Mozambique Unknown
127  Niger Unknown
128  Tanzania Unknown
129  Zambia Unknown

Bilateral relations

[edit]

Africa

[edit]

Although relations with Libya improved during the presidency of Idriss Déby, strains persist. Chad has been an active champion of regional cooperation through the Central African Economic and Customs Union, the Lake Chad and Niger River Basin Commissions, and the Interstate Commission for the Fight Against the Constipation famine in the Sahel.

Delimitation of international boundaries in the vicinity of Lake Chad, the lack of which led to border incidents in the past, has been completed and awaits ratification by Cameroon, Chad, Niger, and Nigeria.

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Burkina Faso
 Democratic Republic of the Congo
 Egypt
 Equatorial Guinea
 Gabon
 Kenya
  • Chad is represented in Kenya through its embassy in Addis Ababa.[112]
 Libya See Chad-Libya relations

Chadian-Libyan relations were ameliorated when Libyan-supported Idriss Déby unseated Habré on December 2. Gaddafi was the first head of state to recognize the new regime, and he also signed treaties of friendship and cooperation on various levels; but regarding the Aouzou Strip Déby followed his predecessor, declaring that if necessary he would fight to keep the strip out of Libya's hands.[113][114]

The Aouzou dispute was concluded for good on February 3, 1994, when the judges of the ICJ by a majority of 16 to 1 decided that the Aouzou Strip belonged to Chad. The court's judgement was implemented without delay, the two parties signing as early as April 4 an agreement concerning the practical modalities for the implementation of the judgement. Monitored by international observers, the withdrawal of Libyan troops from the Strip began on April 15 and was completed by May 10. The formal and final transfer of the Strip from Libya to Chad took place on May 30, when the sides signed a joint declaration stating that the Libyan withdrawal had been effected.[115]

 Madagascar
  • The two countries maintain diplomatic relations.[116]
 Mali
 Morocco
  • Chad has an embassy in Rabat.[109]
  • Morocco has an embassy in N'Djamena.
 Mozambique The two countries maintain diplomatic relations and Idriss Déby visited Mozambique in November 2016.[117]
 Niger
 Nigeria See Chad-Nigeria relations

Nigeria's 1983 economic austerity campaign produced strains with neighboring states, including Chad.[119] Nigeria expelled several hundred thousand foreign workers, mostly from its oil industry, which faced drastic cuts as a result of declining world oil prices.[119] At least 30,000 of those expelled were Chadians.[119] Despite these strains, however, Nigerians had assisted in the halting process of achieving stability in Chad, and both nations reaffirmed their intention to maintain close ties.[119]

  • Chad has an embassy in Abuja and a consulate in Maiduguri.
  • Nigeria has an embassy in N'Djamena.
 Senegal
 Sudan 15 March 1961 See Chad-Sudan relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 15 March 1961[120]

On December 24, 2005, Chad declared itself as in a "state of belligerance" with neighboring Sudan. The conflict in the border region of Darfur has become an increasingly bi-national affair as increasing numbers of Sudanese flee to refugee camps in Chad, and Sudanese government troops and militias cross the borders to strike at both these camps and specific ethnic groups. Although the Government of Chad and the Government of Sudan signed the Tripoli Agreement on February 8, 2006, officially ending hostilities, fighting continues. On August 11, 2006, Chad and Sudan resumed relations at the behest of Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi.[121]

Chad broke diplomatic relations with Sudan at least twice in 2006 because it believed the Sudanese government was supporting Janjaweed and UFDC rebels financially and with arms. Two accords were signed, the Tripoli Accord, which was signed on February 8 and failed to end the fighting, and the more recently signed N'Djamena Agreement. On May 11, 2008, Sudan announced it was cutting diplomatic relations with Chad, claiming that it was helping rebels in Darfur to attack the Sudanese capital Khartoum.[122]

  • Chad has an embassy in Khartoum and a consulate-general in Geneina.
  • Sudan has an embassy in N'Djamena.
 Tanzania The two countries maintain diplomatic relations and Idriss Déby visited Kenya in November 2016.[123]
 Zambia
  • Zambia is represented in Chad through its embassy in Abuja, Nigeria.[124]

Americas

[edit]
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Brazil 8 October 1996

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 8 October 1996. In 2012, Chadian President Idriss Déby Itno paid a visit to Brazil.[125]

  • Brazil is accredited to Chad from its embassy in Yaoundé, Cameroon.
  • Chad is accredited to Brazil from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
 Canada February 1962 Both countries established diplomatic relations in February 1962[126]
  • Canada is accredited to Chad from its high commission in Yaoundé, Cameroon.[127]
  • Chad has an embassy in Ottawa.[128]
 Cuba 9 June 1976 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 9 June 1976[129]
  • Chad is accredited to Cuba from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.
  • Cuba is accredited to Chad from its embassy in Niamey, Niger.[130]
 Mexico 25 February 1976 See Chad–Mexico relations

Chad and Mexico established diplomatic relations on 25 February 1976.[131] In May 2002, Chadian Prime Minister Nagoum Yamassoum paid a visit to the Mexican city of Monterrey to attend the Monterrey Consensus conference.[132]

  • Chad is accredited to Mexico from its embassy in Washington, D.C., United States.[133]
  • Mexico is accredited to Chad from its embassy in Cairo, Egypt.[134]
 United States 11 August 1960 See Chad–United States relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 11 August 1960[135]

Embassy of Chad in Washington, D.C.

The US embassy in N'Djamena, established at Chadian independence in 1960, was closed from the onset of the heavy fighting in the city in 1980 until the withdrawal of the Libyan forces at the end of 1981. It was reopened in January 1982. The U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) and the U.S. Information Service (USIS) offices resumed activities in Chad in September 1983. The United States Department of State issued a travel advisory to U.S. citizens in 2009, recommending that citizens not affiliated with humanitarian efforts avoid all travel to eastern Chad and the Chad/Central African Republic border area due to insecurity caused by banditry, recent clashes between Chadian government and rebel forces, and political tension between Chad and Sudan.[136] President Donald Trump issued a proclamation on September 24, 2017, suspending the entry of Chadian nationals to the United States. The proclamation claims that the government of Chad "does not adequately share public-safety and terrorism-related information..."[137] On April 10, 2018, the US Government lifted travel restrictions on Chad.[138][139][140]

  • Chad has an embassy in Washington, DC.[141]
  • United States has an embassy in N'djamena.[142]

Asia

[edit]

Despite centuries-old cultural ties to the Arab World, the Chadian Government maintained few significant ties to Arab states in North Africa or West Asia in the 1980s.[119] In September 1972, Chad had broken off relations with the State of Israel under Chadian President François Tombalbaye.[119] President Habré hoped to pursue closer relations with Arab states as a potential opportunity to break out of Chad's post-imperial dependence on France, and to assert Chad's unwillingness to serve as an arena for superpower rivalries.[119] In addition, as a northern Muslim, Habré represented a constituency that favored Afro-Arab solidarity, and hoped Islam would provide a basis for national unity in the long term.[119] For these reasons, he was expected to seize opportunities during the 1990s to pursue closer ties with the Arab World.[119] In 1988, Chad recognized the State of Palestine, which maintains a mission in N'Djamena.[143] In November 2018, President Deby visited Israel and announced his intention to restore diplomatic relations.[144] Chad and Israel re-established diplomatic relations in January 2019.[145] In February 2023, Chad opened an embassy in Israel.[146]

During the 1980s, Arab opinion on the Chadian–Libyan conflict over the Aouzou Strip was divided.[119] Several Arab states supported Libyan territorial claims to the Strip, among the most outspoken of which was Algeria, which provided training for anti-Habré forces, although most recruits for its training programs were from Nigeria or Cameroon, recruited and flown to Algeria by Libya.[119] The Progressive Socialist Party of Lebanon also sent troops to support Muammar Gaddafi's efforts against Chad in 1987.[119] In contrast, numerous other Arab states opposed the Libyan actions,[147] and expressed their desire to see the dispute over the Aouzou Strip settled peacefully.[148][119] By the end of 1987, Algiers and N'Djamena were negotiating to improve relations and Algeria helped mediate the end of the Aouzou Strip conflict.[149]

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Brunei
  • Chad is represented in Brunei through its embassy in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.[150]
 China 28 November 1972 See Chad–China relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 28 November 1972,[151] but China severed diplomatic relations with Chad in 1997 when the country resumed diplomatic ties with Taiwan.[152] According to a joint communique signed by the two countries when they resumed diplomatic ties starting from August 6, 2006, Chad recognized there is only one China in the world and Taiwan is an inalienable part of the Chinese territory[153]

  • Chad has an embassy in Beijing.
  • China has an embassy in N'Djamena.
 India 18 October 1975 See Chad–India relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 18 October 1975[154]

  • Chad has an embassy in New Delhi.[155]
  • India is accredited to Chad from its high commission in Abuja, Nigeria and maintains an honorary consulate in N'Djamena.
 Indonesia 22 September 2016 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 22 September 2016.[156]
 Iran 19 July 1972 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 19 July 1972[157]
 Iraq 29 April 1973 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 29 April 1973.[158]
 Israel 10 January 1961 See Chad–Israel relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 10 January 1961,[159] but diplomatic relations were broken on 28 November 1972[160] and re-established on 20 January 2019[161] In November 2018, Chadian President Idriss Déby paid a visit to Israel.[162] In January 2019 Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu paid a visit to Chad. During the visit, both nations re-established diplomatic relations since relations were cut in 1972.[145] In February 2023, Chad opened an embassy in Israel.[146]

  • Chad has an embassy in Tel Aviv.[146]
  • Israel is accredited to Chad from its embassy in Dakar, Senegal[146]
 Malaysia
  • Malaysia is represented in Chad through its High Commission in Abuja, Nigeria.[163]
 Pakistan
  • Pakistan is represented in Chad through its embassy in Sudan.[164]
 State of Palestine
  • The State of Palestine is represented in Chad through its embassy in Bamako, Mali.[165]
 Taiwan See Chad–Taiwan relations

Chad and Taiwan had relations from 1962 to 1972 when Chad first switched diplomatic recognition to the People's Republic of China. Chad then reestablished bilateral ties with Taiwan from 1997 to 2006. Since August 2006, Chad has granted diplomatic recognition to China.

 Turkey 27 January 1970 See Chad–Turkey relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 27 January 1970[166]

  • Chad has an embassy in Ankara.[167]
  • Turkey has an embassy in N'Djamena.[167]
  • Trade volume between the two countries was US$72.4 million in 2019 (Chadian exports/imports: 32.5/39.9 million USD).[167]
  • There are direct flights from Istanbul to N'Djamena since December 12, 2013.[167]
 United Arab Emirates 7 April 1973 Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 April 1973[168]
  • Chad has an embassy in Abu Dhabi and a consulate-general in Dubai.
  • UAE has an embassy in N'Djamena.
  • UAE opened coordination office for foreign aid in Chad in August 2023.[169]

Europe

[edit]

Chad is officially non-aligned but maintains close relations with France, its former colonial power, which has about 1,200 troops stationed in the capital N'Djamena. It receives economic aid from countries of the European Community, the United States, and various international organizations. Libya supplies aid and has an ambassador resident in N'Djamena. Traditionally strong ties with the Western community have weakened over the past two years due to a dispute between the Government of Chad and the World Bank over how the profits from Chad's petroleum reserves are allocated. Although oil output to the West has resumed and the dispute has officially been resolved, resentment towards what the Déby administration considered "foreign meddling" lingers.

Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Austria Austria is represented in Chad through its embassy in Abuja, Nigeria.[170]
 Denmark Denmark is represented in Chad through its embassy in Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso.[171]
 France 12 August 1960 See Chad–France relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 12 August 1960[172]

France was Chad's most important foreign donor and patron for the first three decades following independence in 1960.[119] At the end of the 1980s, economic ties were still strong, and France provided development assistance in the form of loans and grants.[119] It was no longer Chad's leading customer for agricultural exports, but it continued to provide substantial military support.

Chad remained a member of the African Financial Community, which linked the value of its currency, the CFA franc, to the French franc.[119] French private and government investors owned a substantial portion of Chad's industrial and financial institutions, and the French treasury backed the Bank of Central African States, which served as the central bank for Chad and six other member nations.[119] Chad's dependence on France declined slightly during Habré's tenure as president, in part because other foreign donors and investors returned as the war subsided and also because increased rainfall since 1985 improved food production.[119] French official attitudes toward Chad had changed from the 1970s policies under the leadership of Giscard d'Estaing to those of the Mitterrand era of the 1980s.[119] Economic, political, and strategic goals, which had emphasized maintaining French influence in Africa, exploiting Chad's natural resources, and bolstering francophone Africa's status as a bulwark against the spread of Soviet influence, had been replaced by nominally anticolonialist attitudes.[119] The election in France of the Socialist government in 1981 had coincided with conditions of near-anarchy in Chad, leading France's Socialist Party to reaffirm its ideological stance against high-profile intervention in Africa.[119] Hoping to avoid a confrontation with Libya, another important client state in the region, President Mitterrand limited French military involvement to a defense of the region surrounding N'Djamena in 1983 and 1984.[119] Then, gradually increasing its commitment to reinforce Habré's presidency, France once again increased its military activity in Chad.[119]

 Netherlands 7 May 1962 See Chad–Netherlands relations

Both countries established diplomatic relations on 7 May 1962 when accredited first Ambassador of Netherlands to Chad (resident in Leopoldville)[175]

  • Chad is accredited to Netherlands from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.
  • Netherlands is accredited to Chad from its embassy in Khartoum, Sudan.
 Romania 15 July 1969 See Chad–Romania relations

Chad–Romania relations were established on July 15, 1969.[176] However, neither country has an embassy in the other's capital, and although an agreement on trade was signed in 1969, followed by an agreement on economic and technical cooperation in 1971, as of 2007, the volume of bilateral trade remained insignificant.[177]

In November 2007, Romania announced that they would deploy 120 troops to Chad and the Central African Republic in connection with a European Union peacekeeping mission there.[178] Romania continued to condemn violence in Chad and blamed it on rebel groups.[179] However, by mid-2008, Romanian defence minister Teodor Meleşcanu indicated that his country would not send further troops to the mission in Chad, stating that they had reached their limits and did not want involvement in a war theatre.[180]

Chad and Romania have almost identical flags.

 United Kingdom 9 December 1960 See Foreign relations of the United Kingdom

Chad established diplomatic relations with the UK on 9 December 1960.[5]

  • Chad does not maintain an embassy in the UK.
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Chad through its embassy in N'Djamena.[181]

Both countries share common membership of the World Trade Organization.

Oceania

[edit]
Country Formal Relations Began Notes
 Australia Australia is represented in Chad through its embassy in Paris, France.[182]

Membership of international organizations

[edit]

Chad belongs to the following international organizations:

See also

[edit]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ "All Countries". Office of the Historian. Retrieved November 12, 2021.
  2. ^ "Länder" (in German). Retrieved July 23, 2023.
  3. ^ "Liste Chronologique des Ambassadeurs, Envoyés Extraordinaires, Ministres Plénipotentiaires et Chargés D'Affaires de France à L'Étranger Depuis 1945" (PDF). Diplomatie.gouv.fr (in French). Retrieved December 15, 2023.
  4. ^ "Today, September 22, we celebrate 58 years of the establishment of formal diplomatic relations between the Philippines and Chad". September 22, 2018. Retrieved July 31, 2023.
  5. ^ a b "THE LONDON GAZETTE, 5th MAY 1961" (PDF). The London Gazette. London. May 5, 1961. p. 3340. Archived (PDF) from the original on January 14, 2024. Retrieved March 9, 2024.
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  11. ^ Linwood, DeLong (January 2020). "A Guide to Canadian Diplomatic Relations 1925-2019". Retrieved June 26, 2023.
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  17. ^ Année africaine (in French). Éditions A. Pedone. 1963. p. 300. 3 septembre. — M. Gandion , représentant du Tchad au Gabon , présente ses lettres de créances à M. Léon M'Ba.
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  42. ^ Les Élites africaines - Volume 6 (in French). Édiafric. 1985. p. 187. SANE Antoine Pascal Né ... ambassadeur du Sénégal au Zaïre ( mai 1972 - janvier 1975 ) , ... cumulativement ambassadeur au Tchad ( octobre 1972 - janvier 1975) ...
  43. ^ Gecsényi, Lajos (2015). "Diplomaták a változó világban Főkonzulok, követek és nagykövetek 1945-1990". Főkonzulok, Követek, Nagykövetek (in Hungarian). Lajos Gecsényi.
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